In May 1980, the Communist Party of Peru, known as Sendero Luminoso, initiated an armed conflict against the Peruvian state and society. This conflict, marked by extreme violence, resulted in Sendero Luminoso being responsible for 54% of the reported fatalities, with an estimated total of 31,331 deaths. The conflict highlighted …
In 1985, various institutions and individuals committed to defending human rights during Peru's internal armed conflict established the Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos. This organization became a crucial entity for providing legal support and refuge to victims of violence. Despite facing attacks from both the authoritarian regime of Alberto Fujimori …
In the 1980s, two types of peasant patrols, or 'rondas campesinas', were formed in Peru. On November 6, 1986, the government of Alan García Pérez officially recognized the peaceful, democratic, and autonomous peasant patrols in the northern departments of Cajamarca and Piura. Meanwhile, in the central highlands, armed 'rondas contrasubversivas' …
The military arrived for the first time in the Canipaco valley after the event of April 12, 1989, which was the most shocking massacre in the entire Canipaco area. This military arrival was in response to the massacre perpetrated the previous day (April 11-12) in Chongos Alto, where authorities and …
On December 24, 1989, the MRTA took the city of Juanjuí as part of the Fernando Valladares Military Campaign. This operation was aimed at criticizing the economic and political conditions imposed by the government of Alberto Fujimori. The action in Juanjuí was coordinated with simultaneous incursions in other cities of …
On December 24, 1989, the MRTA carried out simultaneous raids in several cities in the department of San Martin as part of its Fernando Valladares Military Campaign. This campaign was aimed at criticizing the economic and political conditions imposed by the government of Alberto Fujimori. Actions included the capture of …
In 1989, the MRTA launched a new offensive in the San Martín region, capturing several localities including Juanjuí and conducting simultaneous incursions in Tarapoto, Saposoa, Moyobamba, and Rioja on December 24. This was part of the MRTA's Military Campaign Fernando Valladares, aimed at criticizing the economic and political conditions imposed …
Under Alberto Fujimori's government, a military base was installed in the San Juan de Jarpa district in 1990 as part of the state counter-offensive against the PCP-Sendero Luminoso in the Canipaco valley. This installation was part of a broader military deployment that included bases in Chicche (Vista Alegre Annex) that …
In 1990, Alberto Fujimori presented his government plan focused on stabilizing the economy by reducing hyperinflation and encouraging both national and foreign investment. During this period, Fujimori faced a 'dirty war' from various media outlets, which labeled him as pro-Senderista, pro-Aprista, and an evangelist. The political climate was further charged …
During the 1990 presidential campaign in Peru, Alberto Fujimori emerged as a significant political figure, winning the presidency with 68% of the votes in the second round. Amidst the campaign, Fujimori faced accusations of fraud and tax evasion, which led to the involvement of Vladimiro Montesinos, a former army captain, …
In the midst of a widespread crisis and loss of confidence in political organizations, the 1990 presidential elections in Peru resulted in the victory of Alberto Fujimori, an independent candidate. Fujimori's administration faced significant challenges, including an economic crisis and the threat of subversion, which he addressed by relying on …
In 1990, Alberto Fujimori was elected President of Peru with the support of the left and the APRA. Following his election, Fujimori appointed several members from the leftist IU party to ministerial positions, which led to internal conflicts within the IU. These events highlighted the crisis and fragmentation within the …
In 1990, following the election of Alberto Fujimori as President of Peru, community kitchens and women's organizations in Huaycán gained prominence. These organizations, initially formed to ensure food security, faced manipulation attempts from both the government and the PCP-SL. The government sought to control these groups by threatening to cut …
Under Alberto Fujimori's government, a military base was installed in 1990 in the Vista Alegre annex, Chicche district. This installation was part of the military counteroffensive in the Canipaco valley, along with other bases established in San Juan de Jarpa that same year, and later in Chongos Bajo, Huamancaca Chico …
Gloria Helfer Palacios was appointed as the Minister of Education in Peru during Alberto Fujimori's presidency. One of her first actions was to eliminate the course of Instrucción Premilitar, which led to tensions with the military and political figures who viewed her with suspicion due to her leftist background. She …
The Peruvian general elections of 1990 were marked by significant political polarization between the left-wing coalition IU and the right-wing coalition FREDEMO. Despite efforts to unify, the left presented a divided front, leading to a poor electoral performance. Ultimately, Mario Vargas Llosa of FREDEMO and Alberto Fujimori of Cambio 90 …
Alberto Fujimori wins the presidential elections with 62% of the votes. This electoral triumph occurred in a context of serious economic crisis, generalized political violence and the growing presence of subversive groups in Metropolitan Lima. The elections took place when the PCP-SL and the MRTA intensified their actions in the …
The 1990 Peruvian presidential election saw Alberto Fujimori unexpectedly secure 29% of the vote, closely trailing the favorite, Mario Vargas Llosa, who received 33%. This led to a runoff election, where Fujimori's opposition to economic shock policies helped him gain widespread support and ultimately win the presidency. The election marked …
In the general elections of April 9, 1990, Alberto Fujimori obtained 29% of the votes, coming second after Fredemo (33%). Absenteeism was the highest in the ten years of democracy. In the departments of Ayacucho and Huancavelica it exceeded 40%; while in Huánuco and Junín it was around 50%. In …
The 1990 presidential election in Peru was marked by severe economic and social crises, with inflation rates reaching unprecedented levels. The election saw the rise of Alberto Fujimori, a relatively unknown candidate, who capitalized on the public's disillusionment with traditional political parties. Fujimori's campaign, characterized by its simplicity and the …
On June 10, the run-off election between Alberto Fujimori and Mario Vargas Llosa took place. Fujimori won by a wide margin after saying during the electoral debate that he would not apply the shock economic policy. The electoral process had produced a new leadership of extremely high popularity in which …
In the second electoral round, the left (IU and IS) asked its militancy to vote in favor of the candidate Alberto Fujimori. With the support of the left and the APRA, Alberto Fujimori was elected president. Shortly after, Fujimori appointed Gloria Helfer (IU), Fernando Sanchez Albavera (IS) and Carlos Amat …
The day Alberto Fujimori was sworn in for the first time as President of the Republic, a large group of people invaded a small fenced-in plot of land belonging to the Isola family, located in Ate-Vitarte. This was a large-scale action carried out by the PCP-SL, seeking to consolidate its …
On July 28, Alberto Fujimori took office as President of the Republic. His presidential message was very vague about the adjustment measures to be taken, but its vagueness was significant; he was abandoning the rejection of the economic adjustment policy. The only political content of the electoral majority obtained by …
In August 1990, President Alberto Fujimori of Peru implemented a severe economic adjustment program known as the 'fujishock'. This program marked a significant shift from his electoral promises, focusing on free-market policies without prior activation of social emergency programs for the economically disadvantaged. The measures led to widespread market closures …
The General Confederation of Peruvian Workers (CGTP) called a general strike during August 1990, in the context of the recently initiated government of Alberto Fujimori. The strike had little acceptance among the population and did not succeed in paralyzing the country's activities. This strike took place at a time of …
In August 1990, shortly after Alberto Fujimori assumed the presidency of Peru, a radical economic adjustment program known as the 'fujishock' was implemented. This program aimed to stabilize the economy but lacked provisions for social welfare, leading to significant economic hardship for the population. Despite this, a significant portion of …
The PCP-Sendero Luminoso called the fourth armed strike in Lima on August 9, 1990, in protest against the set of economic measures implemented by the government of Alberto Fujimori Fujimori. This strike was part of an ascending sequence of armed strikes that the PCP-SL organized between 1988 and 1992 in …
On August 28, 1990, the PCP-SL called the fourth armed strike in protest against the package of economic measures known as the Fujishock. This strike coincided with that called by the CGTP, although with different political objectives.
On September 11, 1990, Victor Macedonio de la Torre Romero, manager of Cementos Lima, was kidnapped. The Communist Party of Peru - Shining Path (PCP-SL) was identified as responsible for the act. The kidnapping was later confirmed on September 22. This event occurred in a context of intense political violence …
In October 1990, mass graves were discovered in Chilcahuaico, Ayacucho, and Chumbivilcas, Cusco, containing 17 and 18 bodies respectively. These findings prompted the creation of a congressional investigation commission. The graves were indicative of ongoing human rights violations during the early months of President Alberto Fujimori's administration.
The Chamber of Deputies of the Peruvian Congress agreed to declare the constitutional accusation against former president Alan García Pérez for the prison massacre that took place in 1986. This accusation took place in the context of the end of his presidential term and the beginning of Alberto Fujimori's government. …
On October 10, 1990, military forces took 18 young men and peasants from the area. The bodies of the victims were later found in a mass grave located in Chilqahuayco, province of Huamanga, Ayacucho. This event occurred in the context of counter-subversive operations in the region during Alberto Fujimori's government. …
The government promulgates Supreme Decree 70-90-TR restricting the right to strike. The decree is a way of dealing with strikes by workers of the IPSS (Peruvian Institute of Social Security) and the CITE (Intersectoral Confederation of State Workers). This measure is framed in a context of multiple labor protests and …
In November 1990, the Peruvian Congress, with the support of officialist and APRA deputies, blocked a constitutional accusation against former President Alan García. The accusation was related to his alleged responsibility in the 1986 prison massacres. This event highlighted the political maneuvering and alliances formed by President Fujimori to prevent …
Congressman Alejandro Victoria Mendoza, a member of the Cambio 90 party, was assassinated in the district of Ate Vitarte, Lima. This crime took place in the context of an escalation of political violence in the Peruvian capital, where both the PCP-SL and the MRTA were intensifying their actions against authorities …
President Alberto Fujimori issued the Decreto Supremo 171-90-PCM on 21 December 1990, which subjected military and police personnel in emergency zones to the Military Justice Code for any offenses committed in the line of duty. This decree faced significant criticism and was deemed unconstitutional, leading to its repeal by Law …
On December 25, 1990, the Peruvian government repealed the Bank Nationalization Law. This measure was part of the economic policies implemented during the government of Alberto Fujimori. The repeal represented a significant change in the country's economic policy, reversing the previous intention to nationalize the banking system. This act was …
The Executive Branch, in an act described as unprecedented, promulgates and publishes the Annual General Budget Law in the official gazette El Peruano. The government makes observations to 15 of the 313 articles of the law. This act marks a moment of tension between the Executive and the Congress in …
In the early 1990s, the Peruvian government, under President Alberto Fujimori, sought to address subversive threats while maintaining a public discourse of human rights respect. Despite international scrutiny, particularly from the United States, the government continued its military strategies against subversion. Negotiations for economic aid from the U.S. were complicated …
In 1991, the Northeastern Front (FNO) of the MRTA initiated the 'Fernando Valladares Military Campaign', whose objective was to criticize the economic and political conditions imposed by the government of Alberto Fujimori. During this campaign they carried out some important military actions, highlighting the simultaneous incursion on May 10 in …
The Peruvian government issued Supreme Decree 00-91-PCM declaring a state of reorganization of all public entities in the country. This measure was part of a broader policy of state reform implemented during the government of Alberto Fujimori. The decree also offered economic incentives for those civil servants who voluntarily resigned …
In 1991, during Alberto Fujimori's administration, military bases were installed in the districts of Chongos Bajo, Huamancaca Chico and Chupaca, as part of the military counteroffensive in the Canipaco valley. These installations were added to the military bases previously established in 1990 in the districts of Chicche (Vista Alegre Annex) …
In 1991, the United States government decided to restrict economic aid to Peru due to concerns over systematic human rights violations by Peruvian state forces under President Alberto Fujimori. This decision was influenced by reports from human rights organizations that highlighted a pattern of misconduct rather than isolated incidents. The …
During Alberto Fujimori's presidency in Peru, he sought to consolidate power by aligning closely with the military and emphasizing a counter-subversive strategy. This approach involved reducing the influence of democratic controls and increasing autonomy for military actions, which led to distrust among military officials and advisors. A key document from …
The first Comité de Autodefensa Civil was established in 1991 in Naranjillo, Peru, as a grassroots effort to combat armed subversion. These committees were composed of local volunteers who received minimal government support, primarily in the form of weapons and supplies. Despite their initial purpose, they were politically manipulated by …
In 1991, Vladimiro Montesinos, an advisor to President Alberto Fujimori, began consolidating power by manipulating military appointments and expanding his influence over the judiciary and intelligence services. He orchestrated legislative changes to enhance military power under the guise of counterinsurgency efforts. Montesinos' maneuvers culminated in the promotion of General Nicolás …
The Directiva de Pacificación 003-91-MD/SDN was a political and psychosocial program implemented in Peru under President Alberto Fujimori. It aimed to combat subversive elements through a counter-subversive war strategy, similar to Taiwan's 'political warfare' approach. The directive was criticized for its militarization, which risked violating human rights and undermining democracy …
At the end of 1991, the Peruvian government enacted Legislative Decree 741, which legalized the counter-subversive patrols, known as CAD, as community self-defense organizations. This decree was promoted by President Alberto Fujimori, who sought to strengthen peasant participation in the fight against insurgency. Although the decree was seen by some …
In 1991, President Alberto Fujimori of Peru used legislative decrees to bypass democratic controls and consolidate power, ostensibly to combat subversion. This led to a clash with Congress, which sought to repeal several decrees that undermined democratic principles. The conflict highlighted the tension between executive power and legislative oversight during …
In 1991, special operations groups were formed under the directive of the Peruvian government, reporting directly to President Alberto Fujimori and his close advisors, including his brother Santiago Fujimori and Vladimiro Montesinos. These groups were composed of selected AIO officers and divided into three subgroups, each led by a different …
During the first year of President Alberto Fujimori's government, there were reports of 375 forced disappearances in Peru, with 236 cases remaining unresolved. The operations were allegedly conducted by a specialized unit within the National Intelligence System, targeting presumed terrorists, particularly in universities. These actions were reportedly known to the …
The heads of the portfolios of Foreign Affairs (Vice Admiral AP (r) Raúl Sánchez Sotomayor), Transportation (Jaime Yoshiyama Tanaka) and Fisheries (Canal Torres) are sworn in before President Alberto Fujimori Fujimori. This ministerial change is part of the Executive's decisions during the first year of Fujimori's government. The swearing-in took …
Senator Raúl Ferrero Costa, president of the Justice and Human Rights Commission, publicly revealed that during the first five months of Alberto Fujimori's government, around 200 people had disappeared in the department of Huancavelica. This denunciation took place in a context of growing concern about the government's respect for human …
On January 31, 1991, the Special Intelligence Group (GEIN) raided a house in the district of San Borja, Lima, where they seized the general archive of the Communist Party of Peru - Shining Path (PCP-SL). Among the confiscated materials were the famous videos showing the leadership of the PCP-SL dancing …
On January 31, 1991, the Special Intelligence Group (GEIN) raided a house in the district of San Borja, Lima, seizing the general archive of the Communist Party of Peru - Shining Path (PCP-SL). In this operation they found the famous videos of the PCP-SL leadership dancing 'Zorba, the Greek'. This …
On February 5, 1991, Benedicto Jiménez was appointed as the liaison officer between DIRCOTE and SIN by President Alberto Fujimori. This appointment marked the beginning of increased collaboration between intelligence services and DIRCOTE, with SIN analysts entering to assist in analyzing seized documentation. However, it was later revealed that some …
On February 23, 1991, subversives murdered 23 peasants in the district of Ayna, province of La Mar, department of Ayacucho. This event occurred in the context of the political violence affecting the country during the first year of Alberto Fujimori's government. The event took place in the midst of an …
In the department of San Martin, a popular consultation was held, the unofficial result of which assigned a majority to the option of forming an autonomous region. This consultation process was framed in a political context of tensions between the Executive and the Congress during the government of Alberto Fujimori. …
The Executive Branch returned to Parliament the bill regulating the writ of amparo and habeas corpus. This bill had been approved during the last extraordinary session of Congress. The return of the bill by the Executive represented a rejection of the parliamentary regulation of these fundamental constitutional remedies for the …
The Peruvian government declared the Superintendencia Nacional de Aduanas (SUNAD) under reorganization for a period of 180 days. This measure was part of a set of structural reforms implemented by the government of Alberto Fujimori during 1991. The reorganization of SUNAD was part of the broader process of reforming the …
The government publishes supreme decrees with the first 14 measures to reform the Peruvian State and foreign trade. These measures included provisions referring to the sale of shares in public companies, the lowering of tariffs and the practical elimination of labor stability. The reforms were part of a process of …
The political party Cambio 90 expelled five militants from its parliamentary group and political grouping: Juana Avellaneda Soto, Irma Bustamante Morales, Gerardo López Quiroz, Mario Soto Godoy and Guillermo Yoshikawa Torres. This expulsion took place in a context of political tensions during the first year of Alberto Fujimori's government. The …
On March 21, 1991, Lima endured one of the most agitated labor days of the period. Protests were sparked by multiple sectors on strike simultaneously, including nurses, Ministry of Health workers, members of the CITE (Confederación Intersectorial de Trabajadores Estatales), the Federación Nacional de Trabajadores Universitarios del Perú (FENTUP) and …
Alberto Fujimori's government issued supreme decrees with the first 14 measures to reform the Peruvian State and foreign trade in March 1991. In April 1991, the government continued to decree measures linked to the so-called structural reform, which included the end of the monopoly of state-owned enterprises, the liberalization of …
In April 1991, the PCP-Sendero Luminoso carried out an attack against the premises of the Instituto Libertad y Democracia, directed by Hernando de Soto, who at the time was an advisor to President Alberto Fujimori. This attack was part of a reactivation of subversive actions in the capital during Fujimori's …
The Executive Branch enacted the Banking Law in April 1991 without giving time for the suggestions that were beginning to be prepared by the interested parties. Among those affected by this decision was the Federation of Bank Employees, which had no opportunity to present its observations or proposals. This enactment …
In May 1991, the Peruvian government under President Alberto Fujimori proposed a public pacification plan emphasizing constitutional norms and human rights. This initiative was part of broader negotiations with the United States to secure international financial support and reduce narcotics flow. The proposal was presented at the 'Mesa de Paz', …
Supreme Decree 018-91-AG, known as the 'counter-reform', was published, allowing peasant and associative companies to freely decide on the business model that best suited them. This governmental measure sought to reactivate the agrarian sector through a new provision that substantially modified the previous agrarian reform. The decree was part of …
In May 1991, Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori signed a framework agreement with the United States, allowing the Peruvian Armed Forces to participate in anti-narcotics operations. This agreement expanded the military's role in controlling coca-growing and drug trafficking areas, such as Alto Huallaga, despite constitutional restrictions. The police, weakened by years …
In May 1991, Alberto Fujimori signed a framework agreement with the United States, effectively allowing the Peruvian Armed Forces to participate in anti-narcotics operations. This decision came amidst widespread corruption within the police force and ongoing struggles against terrorism and drug trafficking. The agreement marked a significant shift in Peru's …
Through Supreme Decree 024-91-DE/SGP, the Peruvian government extended the state of emergency for a sixty-day period beginning May 9, 1991 in the provinces of Chumbivilcas, Canas, Espinar and Canchis, located in the department of Cuzco, in the context of the Alberto Fujimori government's counter-subversive struggle against the PCP-Sendero Luminoso and …
On May 10, 1991, the MRTA carried out simultaneous armed incursions in five cities in the department of San Martin as part of the 'Fernando Valladares Military Campaign'. This campaign was aimed at criticizing the economic and political conditions imposed by Alberto Fujimori's government. The military actions were executed in …
On May 30, 1991, the leaders of SUTEP (Sindicato Único de Trabajadores en la Educación del Perú), accompanied by three parliamentarians and other union members, marched across Lima's Plaza de Armas towards the Government Palace. The objective of the march was to request an audience with the wife of President …
On June 1, 1991, members of the Peruvian National Police (PNP) captured six members of the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) in the district of Pueblo Libre, Lima. This operation took place one day after another important capture in the Lima district of Jesus Maria, where Alberto Galvez Olaechea, leader …
In June 1991, President Alberto Fujimori visited Universidad del Centro in Peru amidst national debates on new legislation for 'pacification.' During his visit, Fujimori, accompanied by several ministers and military officials, addressed the need to restore order in universities and criticized the influence of terrorist groups on university autonomy.
President Alberto Fujimori visited the UNCP in the company of the Ministers of Defense, Transportation, the Political and Military Chief of the Mantaro Front and the Rector. In the Central Library, he declared that it was necessary to put order in the universities and that terrorist groups should not dominate …
On June 24, 1991, in the Chaquicocha annex, President Alberto Fujimori delivered shotguns and pickup trucks to the local ronderos. This event took place in the context of the consolidation of the Self-Defense Committees in the Alto and Bajo Cunas area, which had been organized since the end of 1989 …
On June 25, 1991, President Alberto Fujimori issued a memorandum to the Minister of Defense, requesting appropriate rewards for a group of Peruvian military officers. These officers were recognized for their efficient services in national security and defense of democratic values, which were deemed highly useful for the National Intelligence …
The president of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), Enrique Iglesias, acknowledged the important effort made by the Peruvian government to achieve its reinsertion in the international financial system. Iglesias announced that his institution would approve a first credit for US$1.1 billion in September. This announcement came in the context of …
The Peruvian government created a special contribution to finance the Emergency Social Programs. This measure consisted of a one-time levy at a rate of 1% on the ownership of shares and participation in the capital of corporations and companies established in the country. The contribution was implemented in the context …
Roberto Ramírez del Villar and Felipe Osterling Parodi, both from the Popular Christian Party (PPC), were elected presidents of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, respectively. This election took place in the context of political tensions between the Executive and the Congress during the government of Alberto Fujimori. Both …
The Executive Power, using the powers granted by Congress, published a provision regulating the General Sales Tax (IGV) rate at 14% and the Selective Consumption Tax by means of Legislative Decree 655. However, Supreme Decree 180-91 of Economy and Finance suspended the application of the simplified regime of the general …
During August 1991, three opposition political groups held their party congresses in Peru. The organizations that held these events were Confluencia Socialista, the Partido Aprista Peruano (PAP) and the Movimiento Libertad. These congresses took place in a political context marked by tensions between the Executive and the Congress, as well …
President Alberto Fujimori gave a speech in September 1991 describing human rights organizations as "useful fools" of the subversion. Days later, on Navy Day (September 24), the President spoke of the new anti-subversive policy and severely questioned "the terrorists [sic] infiltrated in pseudo humanitarian and human rights organizations". This speech …
Congress authorized President Alberto Fujimori Fujimori's trip to the United States for an official working visit at the invitation of President George Bush. This trip took place in the context of bilateral relations between the two countries, at a time when the Peruvian government was seeking international support for its …
President Alberto Fujimori gave a speech on Navy Day where he spoke about the government's new anti-subversive policy. In his speech, he severely questioned what he called "the terrorists [sic] infiltrated in pseudo humanitarian and human rights organizations". This speech came days after the President described human rights organizations as …
The Peruvian government published Legislative Decree 677, which substantially modified the labor participation regime in the country's companies. This norm altered the participation of workers in the profit, management and ownership of the companies. The decree replaced the labor community regime that previously existed. This measure was part of the …
The Chamber of Deputies approved by a majority of 95 votes, against 57 and 26 abstentions, to constitutionally accuse former president Alan García Pérez. The charges presented were for alleged illicit enrichment and crimes against public faith. This constitutional accusation took place in the context of the first year of …
In 1991, during the government of Alberto Fujimori, Legislative Decree 734 was enacted authorizing the Armed Forces to enter prisons. The government considered that the subversion had control of the penitentiary centers, mainly the Miguel Castro Castro prison.
The Chamber of Deputies of the Peruvian Congress did not grant the extraordinary powers requested by the Minister of Economy to legislate on taxation. This decision took place in a context of growing conflict between the Executive Branch and the Congress, due to the recent deluge of legislative decrees issued …
Legislative Decree No. 748 was enacted on November 8, 1991 during the government of Alberto Fujimori. This norm modified the benefits for collaboration for persons involved in the crime of terrorism. It was part of the anti-terrorist legislation developed before the coup d'état of April 1992. The decree was framed …
The Chamber of Deputies of the Congress of the Republic censures the Minister of Agriculture, Enrique Rossl Link. This occurred in the context of growing tensions between the Executive Power and the Congress during the government of Alberto Fujimori. The censure took place at the end of the first ordinary …
In December 1991, 126 legislative decrees issued by the Executive Branch in use of extraordinary powers granted by Congress went into effect. These decrees covered various topics, most of them related to national security, including the national mobilization law, the national defense system law, the national intelligence system law, regulations …
Óscar de la Puente Raigada assumed the Ministry of Education on December 12, 1991, in the context of ministerial changes during the government of Alberto Fujimori Fujimori. This appointment took place at a time of political tension between the Executive and the Congress, with multiple legislative decrees being issued and …
The MRTA carried out the second takeover of Juanjui as part of the 'Fernando Valladares Military Campaign', whose publicized objective was to criticize the economic and political conditions imposed by Alberto Fujimori's government. This action was part of simultaneous incursions in Tarapoto, Saposoa, Moyobamba and Rioja.
On 24 December 1991, the MRTA (Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement) executed the second Toma de Juanjui as part of their 'Fernando Valladares Military Campaign'. This campaign aimed to criticize the economic and political conditions imposed by the government of Alberto Fujimori. The MRTA also conducted simultaneous incursions in Tarapoto, Saposoa, …
The Congress convened a second extraordinary legislature to examine the bills that President Alberto Fujimori had observed. On January 27, the Senate approved by majority a bill repealing twelve legislative decrees on national pacification enacted by the Executive Branch and presented others of a democratic nature. The Chamber of Deputies …
The Chamber of Deputies approves bills modifying legislative decrees 726 and 743 on national pacification enacted by the Executive Branch. Decree 726 allowed the entry of the forces of law and order into university premises in case of flagrante delicto. Decree 743 established civilian participation in the National Defense System. …
In early 1992, President Alberto Fujimori of Peru made several observations on the General Budget Law for 1992, preventing its promulgation and causing a temporary paralysis of public sector activities. Fujimori called for an extraordinary legislative session, during which Congress made modifications to various pacification decrees. However, Fujimori withheld the …
In 1992, President Alberto Fujimori of Peru enacted a series of decrees that significantly altered the country's anti-terrorism laws. These changes included the establishment of life sentences for certain terrorism cases, the introduction of 'faceless judges,' and the reduction of the age of criminal responsibility for terrorism from 18 to …
Abimael Guzmán, the leader of the Shining Path (PCP-SL), was captured in 1992, marking a significant turning point in the organization's strategy. Prior to his capture, Guzmán had orchestrated violent campaigns that led to the deaths of thousands and widespread destruction. After his capture, he abandoned the 'strategic equilibrium' thesis …
After constant social mobilizations promoted by FEDIP-SM (Frente de Defensa de los Intereses del Pueblo de San Martín), in 1992 the government of Alberto Fujimori enacted the law creating the San Martin Region. This demand had been one of the main demands during the second indefinite general strike of February …
In 1992, President Alberto Fujimori of Peru bypassed opposition demands for a referendum and imposed his own timeline for elections to the Constituent Democratic Congress (CCD). The elections were initially set for October 18 but later moved to November 22. The opposition, weakened and fragmented, boycotted the process, leading to …
In early 1992, the Peruvian Congress convened an extraordinary session to review legislative decrees related to national defense and pacification efforts. Despite efforts to modify and reach consensus on these decrees, tensions persisted between the executive branch, led by President Alberto Fujimori, and the opposition. The political crisis highlighted disagreements …
The Barrios Altos and La Cantuta massacres were carried out by the Colina Group, a death squad within the Peruvian Army, under the influence of Vladimiro Montesinos, the presidential advisor to then-President Alberto Fujimori. These operations were coordinated with high-ranking military officials and involved the use of resources from the …
The TRC found that the strict and uncritical application of the 1992 anti-terrorist legislation meant that the prosecution of detainees did not guarantee fair trials. Hundreds of innocent people had to suffer long sentences. The violation of due process guarantees cast a shadow of doubt over the proceedings. The discredit …
In 1992, Samuel Dyer was detained under circumstances that were later deemed illegal, leading to his escape facilitated by his captors. Following his public denunciation of the incident, he faced legal challenges, including accusations of tax evasion and drug trafficking, which he attributed to government retaliation. The case highlighted issues …
In 1992, businessman Samuel Dyer Ampudia was illegally detained by members of the National Police and the Army Intelligence Service in Peru. This arrest took place in the context of a hardening of State actions against subversive organizations following the breakdown of constitutional order by President Alberto Fujimori. The new …
In 1992, following persistent social mobilizations led by FEDIP-SM, the government of President Alberto Fujimori enacted the law establishing the San Martín Region. In response, Lucas Cachay proposed a plan to strengthen the MRTA's presence in civil society, which was met with threats from the MRTA due to differing views …
During the dictatorship of Alberto Fujimori, the government attempted to legalize impunity for human rights violations committed by state agents. The Congress approved two amnesty laws that violated constitutional provisions and international treaties. The strict application of anti-terrorism legislation in 1992 led to unfair trials and long sentences for innocent …
The writer Mario Vargas Llosa sent a letter to Alberto Fujimori's government during January 1992, in a context of growing confrontations between the President and the Parliament. The letter contained a frontal criticism of the economic program implemented by the government. It also included denunciations of corruption and human rights …
On January 27, 1992, the Senate of the Republic approved by majority a bill repealing twelve legislative decrees on national pacification that had been enacted by the Executive Branch. At the same time, the Senate presented other bills which, with the same pacification objective, had a true democratic character according …
The Tribunal of Constitutional Guarantees declared partially unconstitutional the government's legislative decree 650. The declaration focused specifically on the part that affected the severance payments of workers of private and public companies. The Court determined that the advance of the severance payment did not have a cancellation effect, contrary to …
Alberto Fujimori's government issued a decree law sanctioning those who, without title or appointment, usurp public functions, give military or police orders, or who are suspended or dismissed from their posts and continue to exercise them. This measure was issued in the context of the coup d'état of April 5, …
In April 1992, a significant constitutional crisis unfolded in Peru when around 100 representatives declared the presidency of Alberto Fujimori vacant due to 'moral incapacity'. They appointed Carlos García y García as interim president until the return of the first vice president, Máximo San Román Cáceres, who later assumed the …
In April 1992, Peruvian parliamentarians Jorge del Castillo Gálvez, Javier Velásquez Quesquen, and César Zumaeta Flores filed a constitutional complaint against President Alberto Fujimori. The complaint accused Fujimori of crimes against the powers of the state and the constitutional order following his self-coup in 1992. This event was part of …
Peter Cardenas Schultz, one of the leaders of the MRTA (Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement), was captured in April 1992 in Raucana. This occurred in the same month as the April 5, 1992 coup d'état carried out by President Alberto Fujimori. During a confrontation in Raucana, 3 villagers were killed and …
Towards the end of April 1992, the first ministerial crisis of the Emergency and National Reconstruction Government installed after the self-coup of April 5 took place. Chancellor Augusto Blacker Miller resigned due to his confrontation with Minister of Economy Carlos Boloña Behr. This resignation marked a moment of internal tension …
On April 5, 1992, the President of Peru, Alberto Fujimori, dissolved the Congress and restructured the judiciary, actions that were supported by a significant portion of the population. Despite the dissolution of democratic institutions, 71% of the population approved the dissolution of Congress, and 89% supported the restructuring of the …
On April 5, 1992, President Alberto Fujimori of Peru executed a self-coup with the support of the military, dissolving Congress and ruling by decree. This period saw significant changes in the legal and organizational structure of the state, particularly in anti-terrorism legislation, which led to systematic human rights violations. The …
In 1992, under the government of Alberto Fujimori, significant captures of subversive group leaders were made by DINCOTE, particularly following Fujimori's self-coup on April 5, 1992. The success of these operations is attributed to a change in strategy during Fujimori's regime and the diligent work of the Special Intelligence Group …
On April 5, 1992, President Alberto Fujimori, with the support of the military, executed a coup d'état in Peru. This event followed a period of limited U.S. military aid, which was primarily focused on training and instruction. The coup was partly a result of international influences and internal pressures, including …
On April 5, 1992, a coup d'état took place in Peru, led by President Alberto Fujimori. This event led to the suspension of economic and military assistance from the United States, as it confirmed concerns about Fujimori's reliability and commitment to democratic values. The coup was part of a broader …
The coup d'état on April 5, 1992, led by President Alberto Fujimori, marked the collapse of the rule of law in Peru. The coup had significant public support as many were willing to sacrifice democracy for security amidst the urban offensive by the PCP-SL. Following the coup, a death squad …
On April 5, 1992, a coup d'état took place in Peru, led by President Alberto Fujimori. The coup involved a large-scale military operation that included the takeover of public buildings, the detention of congress members, judges, journalists, and union leaders, and the use of military facilities as detention centers. The …
On April 5, 1992, President Alberto Fujimori executed a coup d'état in Peru, breaking the constitutional order. This event led to the promulgation of several legislative decrees that significantly toughened anti-terrorism laws. These measures were implemented without regard for minimum legal guarantees, marking a pivotal moment in Peru's struggle against …
The coup d'état led by Alberto Fujimori on April 5, 1992, marked a significant turning point in Peru's political landscape. This event was influenced by a clandestine plan known as the 'Plan Verde,' which aimed to establish a 'directed democracy' by overthrowing the existing government. Although initially conceived by a …
In April 1991, a group of deputies led by Julio Castro Gómez requested a constitutional accusation against Supreme Court justices for their handling of a Habeas Corpus case involving Ernesto Castillo Páez. The accusation was approved by the Chamber of Deputies, but the process was halted when President Alberto Fujimori …
The Barrios Altos massacre involved the killing of several individuals in a district of Lima, Peru, and was linked to anti-terrorism operations by state forces. Following the massacre, a commission was formed by the Senate to investigate the incident. However, the investigation was halted when President Alberto Fujimori dissolved the …
The Executive headed by Fujimori ruled by himself and before himself, like absolute monarchs, for 9 months, from April 1992 to January 1993. Having dissolved the Legislative Power and destroyed the autonomy of the Judicial Power, he left the Constitution without effect and produced new legislation by 'decree-laws'. This is …
The coup d'état on April 5, 1992, in Peru was led by President Alberto Fujimori, with key figures like Vladimiro Montesinos and Nicolás Hermoza Ríos playing significant roles. This event marked the subordination of democratic processes to a counter-subversive strategy, leading to a dictatorial regime characterized by corruption and human …
On April 5, 1992, President Alberto Fujimori of Peru dissolved the parliament and assumed full control of the government, an action widely regarded as a coup d'état. The international community, including the Organization of American States, the European Community, and the United States, condemned the interruption of the constitutional system …
On April 5, 1992, President Alberto Fujimori of Peru carried out a self-coup, known as the 'fujigolpe', where he dissolved the Congress and suspended the constitution. This event led to significant political turmoil and debate within the country, with various groups and individuals expressing differing opinions on the legitimacy and …
In 1991, while President Alberto Fujimori was negotiating with the United States for military aid to combat drug trafficking, his intelligence chief, Vladimiro Montesinos, and military leader, Hermoza Ríos, were monopolizing state presence in the Huallaga region, leading to widespread corruption within the Peruvian military. This situation culminated in Fujimori's …
Following the autogolpe (self-coup) by President Alberto Fujimori on April 5, 1992, Agustín Mantilla was removed from his home and accused of illegal possession of weapons. Despite the charges, Mantilla was noted for his courage in submitting to justice and was held in the Police Hospital for fifteen months. The …
President Alberto Fujimori staged a coup d'état, dissolving Congress and suspending the Constitution. This event marked a fundamental milestone in the development of the process of violence, generating reforms at both the organizational and legislative levels in the judicial system. The coup was justified by the government as necessary to …
Coup d'état by means of which the Fujimori government broke the constitutional order and enacted a series of provisions that tightened the anti-terrorist legislation without contemplating the respect of minimum guarantees of due process. Military prerogatives were extended, expanding its power in emergency zones and in counter-subversive activity, thus expanding …
Alberto Fujimori executed a self-coup d'état, calling his government the Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction. This political act sought to consolidate his power and present himself as the leader capable of defeating terrorism and pulling Peru out of the economic, political, social and moral crisis. The self-coup was part …
On April 5, 1992, President Alberto Fujimori, with the support of the Armed Forces and the police, dissolved the Congress of the Republic, intervened in the Judicial Power and installed an unconstitutional regime known as the 'Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction'. When the military coup perpetrators closed the Congress, …
On April 5, 1992, President Alberto Fujimori executed a self-coup d'état in Peru. This event marked a turning point in the counter-subversive strategy of the internal armed conflict. After the self-coup, repression intensified in a selective manner, with continuous reports of arbitrary detentions, torture and disappearances by counter-subversive forces. The …
On April 5, 1992, Alberto Fujimori interrupted democracy and promulgated Decree Law No. 25418 instituting the Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction. This coup d'état, known as a self-coup, marked the beginning of a period of intensified human rights violations. During the month of May, the Executive Branch drafted and …
On April 5, 1992, Alberto Fujimori executed a coup d'état. On April 6, union leaders of SUTEP and CGTP rejected and condemned the coup. The union premises remained surrounded by military and police. Days later, a leader denounced the disappearance of Olmedo Auris, who was forcibly removed from the union …
Following the autogolpe by President Alberto Fujimori on April 6, 1992, the Peruvian government enacted Decree Law No. 25421, which transferred control of prison security to the Ministry of the Interior and the National Police. This marked a significant departure from international standards for the treatment of prisoners, as it …
On April 9, 1992, around 100 representatives, including deputies and senators of the dissolved Congress, declared the Presidency of the Republic vacant due to the "moral incapacity of Alberto Fujimori Fujimori". This declaration took place four days after the self-coup of April 5, when Fujimori dissolved the National Parliament and …
On April 10, 1992, President Fujimori staged a coup d'état. The Episcopal Conference issued a communiqué regretting the breakdown of the constitutional and legal order and urging its prompt reestablishment. On June 6, the bishops published the document 'A new Peru, a task for all', calling for the reestablishment of …
The foreign ministers of the Organization of American States (OAS) met in Washington to discuss the coup d'état perpetrated by Alberto Fujimori on April 5, 1992. During this meeting, the foreign ministers debated which term to use to express their position on the coup. In the end, they chose the …
On April 13, 1992, the Organization of American States (OAS) held a meeting in Washington, D.C., where the foreign ministers chose to 'deplore' rather than 'condemn' the coup d'état that occurred in Peru on April 5, 1992. This moderate expression was intended to facilitate successful mediation with the de facto …
On April 22, 1992, members of the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) kidnapped businessman Pedro Antonio Miyasato. This kidnapping occurred in a context of intense subversive activity, just days after the April 5, 1992 coup d'état carried out by President Alberto Fujimori. The event occurred in the midst of a …
Decree Law No. 25446 was enacted, dismissing 133 magistrates of the Judicial Districts of Lima and Callao, including 33 Justices of the Superior Courts of Lima, 8 of Callao, 6 Superior Prosecutors of Lima, 47 Judges of Lima, 29 of Callao and 10 Juvenile Judges of Lima. It also ordered …
In May 1992, a violent riot occurred at Castro Castro Prison in Lima, Peru, resulting in the deaths of numerous inmates. Official reports stated that 35 prisoners were killed, but other sources claimed the number was as high as 80. The incident marked a turning point in President Alberto Fujimori's …
On April 5, 1992, President Alberto Fujimori, with the support of the military, announced the dissolution of the National Parliament of Peru. This move marked the beginning of an autogolpe, or self-coup, where Fujimori assumed full legislative and judicial powers. The event led to significant political changes and was met …
Decree Law No. 25475, promulgated on May 6, 1992, established the typification and penalization of the crime of terrorism, as well as the procedures for investigation, instruction and trial. This norm was part of the new anti-terrorist legislation imposed days after the coup d'état of April 1992, granting broad attributions …
On May 12, 1992, the Peruvian government published the Repentance Law. This law was enacted in a context of intensifying political violence in Metropolitan Lima, a few days after the police intervention known as 'Mudanza Uno' in the Shining Path wards of the Canto Grande prison (May 9, 1992), which …
Alberto Fujimori's government enacted Law 25499 on May 12, 1992, known as the law of repentance. This law allowed members of subversive groups to receive legal benefits if they voluntarily turned themselves in and collaborated with the authorities. In the department of San Martin, the OPASM (Oficina Prelatural de Acción …
Decree Law No. 25499, enacted on May 16, 1992, established the granting of sentence reduction, exemption and remission benefits for those found guilty of committing the crime of terrorism. This norm is part of the anti-terrorist legislation enacted after the coup d'état of April 1992. The decree represents a manifestation …
The police intervention in the Canto Grande prison took place between June 6 and 9, 1992, culminating in the assassination of prominent cadres of Socorro Popular of the PCP-SL. This action was one of the triggers of the wave of Shining Path violence that culminated in the attack on Tarata …
Decree Law No. 25564 was enacted on June 20, 1992 as part of the anti-terrorist legislation implemented after the coup d'état of April 1992. This norm modified Article 20° of the Penal Code in force. It was part of a set of decree laws issued during the government of Alberto …
Decree Law 25564, published on June 20, 1992, established an extension of the limits of criminal liability by modifying Article 20 of the Criminal Code. It prescribed that a minor under 18 years of age was exempt from liability, with the exception of a person who is the author of …
In July 1992, the government of Alberto Fujimori enacted a new Defense System Law that granted broad powers to the military in the counter-subversive struggle. This legislation was part of a series of measures adopted after the self-coup of April 5, 1992, when Fujimori dissolved Congress and intervened in the …
In August 1992, the Peruvian Executive Branch created the crime of treason through anti-terrorist legislation. This crime punished with life imprisonment the leaders or leaders of subversive groups or those who participated in or collaborated with the carrying out of attacks through the use of explosive or similar materials. This …
Decree Law No. 25660 was enacted on August 13, 1992, modifying Article 136° of the Code of Criminal Procedure. This norm was part of the anti-terrorist legislation enacted after the coup d'état of April 1992. The decree was framed in a context of expanded police and military powers for the …
Supreme Resolution No. 114-92, enacted on August 14, 1992, approved the Regulations for Visits to inmates for the crime of Terrorism. This regulation was part of the set of decree laws issued after the coup d'état of April 1992, which established a restrictive legal framework for persons accused or convicted …
In September 1992, Abimael Guzmán, the leader of the Shining Path (PCP-SL), was captured. Following his capture, Guzmán requested peace negotiations with the government of President Alberto Fujimori, signaling a potential end to the internal armed conflict in Peru. This marked a significant shift in the dynamics of the conflict, …
Decree Law No. 25708, enacted on September 10, 1992, established the procedural rules for the crime of treason. This norm was part of the set of anti-terrorist legislation enacted after the coup d'état of April 1992. The decree was part of a legislative scheme that granted broad powers to police …
Decree Law No. 25728, enacted on September 18, 1992, empowered the courts to convict in absentia persons accused of terrorist crimes. This law was part of the anti-terrorist legislation enacted after the coup d'état of April 1992. The decree was part of a package of emergency laws that substantially modified …
Decree Law 25728, published on September 18, 1992, established the power of the courts to convict in absentia persons accused of terrorism and treason. The norm stated that given the nature of these crimes and the serious damage they cause to the country, the courts were empowered to convict without …
In October 1992, Abimael Guzmán, leader of the Shining Path, sent letters to President Alberto Fujimori to negotiate a peace agreement. The first letter was made public during Fujimori's presentation at the United Nations on October 1, 1992, and initially seemed to bolster Fujimori's political standing. However, a second letter …
On October 28, 1992, the Peruvian government released a letter signed by key members of the Shining Path, including Osmán Morote and Martha Huatay, supporting a peace initiative proposed by Abimael Guzmán, also known as 'Presidente Gonzalo'. The letter, addressed to President Alberto Fujimori, called for peace talks to end …
On November 13, 1992, a group of retired and active military officers attempted a coup against President Alberto Fujimori in Peru. The coup was organized by retired generals Jaime Salinas Sedó, José Pastor Vives, and Ernesto Obando, among others. Although Fujimori briefly left the government palace, the coup was quickly …
On November 13, 1992, nine days before the election of the democratic Constituent Congress, an attempted military coup against Fujimori was organized by retired generals Jaime Salinas Sedó, José Pastor Vives and Ernesto Obando, retired major Salvador Carmona, active commanders Raúl Montero and Marcos Zárate and major Hugo Ormeño. Fujimori …
Alberto Fujimori's government enacted anti-terrorist legislation that made it a crime of treason to justify terrorism. This measure was part of a set of anti-terrorist laws implemented during 1992, in the context of the Emergency and National Reconstruction Government established after the April 5 self-coup. The legislation was part of …
On November 26, 1992, the Peruvian government under President Alberto Fujimori enacted decree law 25880, which criminalized the act of teachers making an apology for terrorism. This law targeted educators accused of promoting the ideology of the Shining Path (PCP-SL) in schools, particularly in Lima. The law led to a …
Decree Law No. 25880, enacted on November 26, 1992, typified the apology made by teachers with their students as a crime of treason. This norm was part of the anti-terrorist legislation enacted after the coup d'état of April 1992. The decree was part of the policy of expanding the conducts …
Decree Law No. 25916, enacted on December 2, 1992, maintained the prohibition of penitentiary and procedural benefits for persons convicted of terrorism. This norm was part of the anti-terrorist legislation enacted after the coup d'état of April 1992. The decree eliminated rights such as parole, semi-liberty, probation, redemption of sentences …
Decree Law 25708 of December 10, 1992 regulated the procedures in trials for treason crimes. It established that the summary procedure of the Code of Military Justice would be applied for trials in theaters of operations, granting the military judge a maximum period of ten calendar days to develop the …
Pedro Huilca Tecse, the Secretary General of the Confederación General de Trabajadores del Perú (CGTP), was assassinated on December 18, 1992. Prior to his assassination, he had attended the Annual Conference of Executives (CADE) and called for a national agreement addressing labor issues. His assassination followed a period of tension …
Pedro Huilca, a prominent labor leader in Peru, was assassinated on December 18, 1992. His death was initially attributed to the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso), a Maoist guerrilla group. However, there were allegations and suspicions that the assassination might have been orchestrated by the Grupo Colina, a death squad linked …
Pedro Crisólogo Huilca Tecse, a prominent union leader, was assassinated in 1992. His partner, Martha Flores Gutiérrez, accused the government of then-President Alberto Fujimori of being responsible for his death, claiming it was not the work of insurgent groups like Sendero Luminoso or MRTA. Huilca was killed while actively opposing …
In 1993, the Peruvian government, under President Alberto Fujimori, engaged in negotiations with leaders of the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso), including Abimael Guzmán. These talks were mediated by Vladimiro Montesinos, Fujimori's advisor, and aimed at reducing tensions and achieving a peace agreement. Although a formal agreement was not reached, the …
In 1993, the privatization process began for the state-owned company Centromín Perú, one of the main mining companies in the country, which accounted for a large part of the country's mining and metallurgical production. This process resulted in the massive layoff of thousands of mining and metallurgical workers who worked …
In 1993, Abimael Guzmán, leader of the Shining Path (PCP-SL), proposed a peace negotiation with the Peruvian government led by Alberto Fujimori. Guzmán suggested ceasing military actions and dissolving the Guerrilla Army in exchange for a general amnesty and the release of prisoners of war. Despite the proposal, the Shining …
María de la Cruz Pari, a 20-year-old woman, was detained by the PIP along with twelve others accused of being part of the Ejército Guerrillero Popular de Socorro Popular de Sendero Luminoso. During her detention and interrogation by DINCOTE agents, she was allegedly raped, resulting in pregnancy. The incident was …
On March 12, 1993, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights issued a Special Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Peru. The report noted that especially during the first year of the government of former President Alberto Fujimori, 375 forced disappearances of persons had been reported, of which 236 …
On May 6, 1993, General EP (r) Rodolfo Robles Espinoza, third in line in the Peruvian Army, in a public letter accused Army commanders and intelligence advisor Vladimiro Montesinos Torres of maintaining an operational command responsible for crimes against humanity, among them those of Barrios Altos and La Cantuta. In …
Supreme Decree No. 015-93, promulgated on May 8, 1993, established the regulations for the law of repentance in the context of the anti-terrorist legislation of Alberto Fujimori's government. This norm regulated the procedures and conditions under which persons convicted or prosecuted for terrorist crimes could benefit from sentence reduction, exemption …
On May 24, 1993, constituents of former President Alberto Fujimori's political party Cambio 90 prevented members of the Colina detachment from being questioned by the Congressional Investigation Commission. This obstruction was part of a systematic strategy to cover up the Colina detachment's crimes, which included political intervention in various state …
On June 12, 1993, during a radio interview, then-President Alberto Fujimori described an incident involving psychological torture as a means to demonstrate the cowardice of accused terrorists. Fujimori recounted an event where a high-ranking MRTA leader was threatened with being thrown from an Antonov aircraft, which was intended to instill …
From his prison in the Callao naval base and after conversations between Shining Path leaders facilitated by the Fujimori government, Abimael Guzmán proposed a Peace Agreement to the State, which did not materialize but served for propaganda purposes for the Fujimori regime on the eve of the referendum to approve …
In October 1993, Abimael Guzmán, leader of the Shining Path, proposed a peace agreement to the government of Alberto Fujimori from his prison in Callao. The government used these negotiations for propaganda purposes ahead of a constitutional referendum. Despite the proposal, the government did not pursue a definitive peace solution, …
In 1993, the Peruvian government under President Alberto Fujimori held a referendum to approve a new constitution. The new constitution included controversial provisions such as immediate presidential re-election and the expansion of the death penalty to cases of treason and terrorism. Despite opposition from human rights organizations and a narrow …
Law No. 26248, enacted on November 25, 1993, modified Decree Law 25659 on treason and Decree Law 25475 on terrorism. This law was part of the set of anti-terrorist regulations enacted during the government of Alberto Fujimori after the 1992 self-coup. The law was part of the emergency legislation that …
President Alberto Fujimori revealed for the first time that Major Santiago Martin Rivas was detained for the La Cantuta crime. The other names of those involved remained confidential. This revelation marked the beginning of the judicial process against those responsible.
In December 1993, Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori declared 'War on Terrorism' following failed peace negotiations with the Shining Path (PCP-SL). The negotiations, initially aimed at reaching a peace agreement, were undermined by Fujimori's public denouncements and the strategic moves by his advisor, Vladimiro Montesinos. This declaration marked the end of …
On December 29, 1993, the new Constitution of Peru was promulgated. During the ceremony, President Alberto Fujimori announced a national mobilization program aimed at economic growth and reform consolidation. Sixteen members of the Democratic Constituent Congress refused to sign the new Constitution in protest against the government's refusal to allow …
The La Cantuta case emerged in 1994 as a significant example of political interference in the judicial system during the regime of President Alberto Fujimori in Peru. In response to public pressure and the potential for the Supreme Court to rule against military jurisdiction, the government passed Law N° 26291, …
In 1994, the government of Alberto Fujimori was compelled to prosecute and convict those responsible for the 'La Cantuta' crime, although the process was deemed unconstitutional due to the involvement of the military court. Despite evidence linking the convicted individuals to the 'Barrios Altos' massacre, the military court irregularly took …
In 1994, the government of Alberto Fujimori launched a large-scale military operation called Operation Aries to combat the PCP-SL (Shining Path) in the Alto Huallaga region. This operation aimed to impose peace in the area following the capture of Abimael Guzmán and the implementation of a repentance law for PCP-SL …
In 1994, the Peruvian government, under President Alberto Fujimori, conducted a violent military operation in the Huallaga Valley to eliminate the last strongholds of the Shining Path (PCP-SL). The operation involved issuing ultimatums to villagers and resulted in significant casualties, with reports of bodies along the riverbanks. This operation was …
In March 1994, President Alberto Fujimori visited the Yanamayo maximum security prison. During this visit, he was received by Osmán Morote, leader of the PCP-SL imprisoned in the prison. Morote, with a handshake, reiterated the president's request for a "peace agreement". This visit took place in the context of the …
In April 1994, the Peruvian government under President Alberto Fujimori prioritized the elimination of the PCP-SL (Shining Path) insurgency. Reports indicated conflicting information about the strength and organization of the PCP-SL, with military sources providing varying estimates of their numbers. The military operations faced scrutiny from human rights defenders, which …
Operation Aries was a counter-subversive military operation carried out by the Peruvian armed forces that began on April 5, 1994 on the left bank of the Huallaga River. The operation was carried out in two phases (April-May and June-July 1994) with the objective of dismantling the last Shining Path strongholds …
The first phase of Operation Aries was executed between April and May 1994 on the left bank of the Huallaga River, specifically in the areas known as Bolsón Cuchara and Bolsón Primavera. The operation began on April 5, 1994 with the objective of dismantling the Shining Path contingents that were …
In August 1994, Susana Higuchi Miyagawa, the wife of President Alberto Fujimori, publicly demanded changes to the Electoral Law, which led to significant media attention. Following her public statements and departure from the Presidential Palace, President Fujimori removed her from her duties as First Lady. This event highlighted tensions within …
Law No. 26345 was enacted on August 30, 1994 during the government of Alberto Fujimori. This law established the term of the law of repentance, which was part of the anti-terrorist legal framework implemented after the 1992 coup d'état. The Law of Repentance was a rule of penal law that …
Alberto Andrade Carmona was elected as the mayor of Lima, with the municipal council composed of twenty councilors from Somos Lima and nineteen from C90-NM. In the Callao region, Alex Kouri Buchamar, from the independent movement Chim Pum Callao, defeated the official candidate Kurt Woll Muller. Following the election results, …
In 1995, the government of Alberto Fujimori in Peru enacted an Amnesty Law that granted amnesty to military, police, and civilian personnel accused of human rights violations during the fight against terrorism. This law led to the release of officers convicted for the La Cantuta massacre and other human rights …
In 1995, President Alberto Fujimori inaugurated Nuevo Uchuraccay, a community rebuilt as part of his government's pacification policy. The new settlement consisted of small urban-style houses and was equipped with a health post, an ambulance, and computers, despite lacking electricity. This event was part of a broader effort to repopulate …
The Cenepa War was a brief military conflict between Peru and Ecuador in early 1995, centered around the disputed border area of Tiwinza. The conflict had significant political implications in Peru, influencing the presidential elections and bolstering the popularity of President Alberto Fujimori. The aftermath saw Fujimori's government passing a …
The IV World Conference on Women took place in Beijing, China, in 1995. The conference was a significant event in the global movement for gender equality, bringing together representatives from around the world to discuss and promote women's rights. Alberto Fujimori, the President of Peru, attended the conference and criticized …
In 1995, the Peruvian presidential election was significantly influenced by a conflict with Ecuador that began in January of that year. The need for national unity led opposition candidate Pérez de Cuellar to avoid further polarizing the election, while incumbent President Alberto Fujimori capitalized on his military leadership image. Despite …
In the mid-1990s, during Alberto Fujimori's presidency, there was significant repression against military officers in Peru who opposed the regime. Notable figures like General Walter Ledesma and General Carlos Mauricio faced demotions, imprisonment, and accusations of crimes against the nation for expressing dissent. This period saw the manipulation of military …
Alberto Fujimori's dictatorship attempted to spuriously legalize impunity for human rights violations committed by State agents. The Democratic Constituent Congress approved by majority vote two amnesty laws that violated constitutional provisions and international treaties sovereignly ratified by Peru. With one honorable exception, judges relinquished their power to apply diffuse control …
Supreme Decree No. 01-95, promulgated on January 6, 1995, prohibited the public presentation of those detained for terrorism. This measure was part of the set of anti-terrorist norms implemented during the government of Alberto Fujimori, specifically during his first presidential term (1990-1995). The decree was part of the emergency legislation …
Alberto Fujimori won his presidential re-election on April 9, 1995. This reelection occurs in a context of declining subversive violence after the capture of Abimael Guzmán in 1992 and the weakening of the PCP-SL and MRTA. Fujimori's electoral triumph comes after the implementation of counter-subversive policies and anti-terrorist legislation that …
The Peruvian presidential elections were held on April 9, 1995. Incumbent President Alberto Fujimori won a decisive victory with 64% of the vote, securing his re-election. The elections were marked by allegations of state infrastructure being used to favor Fujimori's campaign and concerns over the credibility of polls.
General elections are held in Peru. Alberto Fujimori Fujimori is reelected with 64% of the votes, while Javier Perez de Cuellar obtains the second place with 22%. The electoral campaign took place in the midst of the conflict with Ecuador. C90-NM acquires majority in congress with 67 seats; UPP obtains …
Law No. 26447, enacted on April 21, 1995, put an end to faceless courts in Peru. This law was part of the anti-terrorist legislation of Alberto Fujimori's government. The faceless tribunals had been implemented after the coup d'état of April 1992 as part of the scheme for trying crimes of …
In May 1995, the government of Alberto Fujimori intervened administratively at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM) by forming a Reorganizing Commission (CORE) that dismissed university authorities and student bodies. This intervention aimed to place the university under the control of pro-government faculty members to prevent opposition movements …
In June 1995, the Peruvian Congress approved two controversial laws, 26479 and 26492, under the regime of President Alberto Fujimori. These laws effectively granted amnesty to state perpetrators of human rights violations, prohibiting judicial investigations into crimes that had not been previously reported. The laws were met with widespread condemnation …
The government headed by Alberto Fujimori approved the unconstitutional amnesty laws No. 26479 and No. 26492, which freed members of the security forces sentenced for crimes against humanity and prohibited any jurisdictional investigation. The citizenry mobilized massively against these laws, led by university youth who assumed a vanguard role in …
On June 14, 1995, the Democratic Constituent Congress, with the votes of the ruling majority of the 'Cambio 90' party, approved Law 26479, a broad and general amnesty for military and police officers implicated in human rights violations since May 1980. The law established that all facts derived from the …
In 1995, the Peruvian government, under President Alberto Fujimori, passed two controversial amnesty laws. The first law, Law 26479, was promulgated on June 15, 1995, granting amnesty to military personnel accused of human rights violations. The second law, Law No. 26492, was quickly passed on June 29, 1995, without public …
On June 29, 1995, in reaction to Judge Saquicuray's decision, Congress passed Law 26492, known as the 'Barrios Altos Law', without public debate. This law 'interpreted' that the amnesty was of obligatory application by the Judicial Power and could not be reviewed in the courts, expressly prohibiting judges from exercising …
In July 1995, President Alberto Fujimori of Peru promulgated a controversial Amnesty Law (Law 26492) that mandated the application of amnesty to military personnel involved in human rights abuses, notably in the Barrios Altos case. This law was met with significant opposition from the judiciary, public protests, and international criticism, …
In July 1995, President Alberto Fujimori promulgated Law 26492, making the controversial Amnesty Law mandatory. This law nullified the judicial resolution by Judge Antonia Saquicuray Sánchez, which had previously declared the amnesty inapplicable to those involved in the Barrios Altos case. The Eleventh Criminal Chamber of the Superior Court ruled …
Law No. 26508, enacted on July 21, 1995, criminalized acts of terrorism committed by people who had previously benefited from the repentance laws as treason. This law was part of the anti-terrorist legislation enacted during the government of Alberto Fujimori, specifically in the post-coup period of 1992. The law was …
Law No. 26537, enacted on October 13, 1995, established a new term for faceless tribunals in Peru. This law was framed within the anti-terrorist legislation of Alberto Fujimori's government, which had implemented these special tribunals after the 1992 coup d'état. The faceless courts were a distinctive feature of the Peruvian …
Alberto Andrade was elected Mayor of Lima in November 1995, in a context following the capture of Abimael Guzmán in 1992 and during the period of declining subversive violence in the capital. His election followed Alberto Fujimori's presidential reelection in April 1995. Andrade would later be reelected as Mayor of …
In 1995, the government of Alberto Fujimori initiated a judicial reform process aimed at improving the organization and modernizing the structures of the judicial system in Peru. The creation of the Executive Commission of the Judiciary, through Law N° 26546, temporarily suspended the powers of existing judicial management bodies to …
In 1996, the Peruvian legislature was reshuffled in favor of the ruling party, which led to the approval of Law No. 26657, known as the Authentic Interpretation Law, which paved the way for the reelection of President Alberto Fujimori. That same year, the Ad Hoc Commission was created to review …
In 1996, during the presidency of Alberto Fujimori, a military operation was planned to rescue hostages held at the Japanese embassy in Lima, Peru. The operation, known as 'Nipón 96', involved the creation of a Tactical Operations Center and the training of a specialized unit called 'Patrulla Tenaz'. The plan …
Law No. 26590, enacted on April 18, 1996, added a subsection to Article 13 of Decree Law 25475, which was the main anti-terrorist law in force since 1992. This modification is part of the set of anti-terrorist laws enacted during the government of Alberto Fujimori, which established an exceptional regime …
In November 1996, President Alberto Fujimori of Peru promulgated a Law of Amnesty to release General Rodolfo Robles Espinoza. Robles Espinoza had been detained and processed by military justice following serious accusations he made against the National Intelligence Service (SIN) after an attack in Puno. The arrest and subsequent events …
The crisis surrounding the embassy in Peru led to a controversial military operation under the leadership of President Alberto Fujimori, with significant involvement from Vladimiro Montesinos and General Nicolás Hermoza Ríos. The operation sparked public debates about the role of the military and allegations of extrajudicial executions of MRTA members. …
In February 1997, negotiations began between the Peruvian government, represented by Domingo Palermo Cabrejos, and the MRTA, represented by Roly Rojas, with the presence of the Commission of Guarantors. By the end of the month, eight meetings had taken place, with Néstor Cerpa Cartolini participating in some. These discussions were …
In March 1997, the MRTA hostage crisis in Lima, Peru, reached a critical point as Néstor Cerpa Cartolini rejected asylum options and demanded the release of his comrades. Japanese Vice President Masahiko Komura visited Lima to urge President Alberto Fujimori to expedite a peaceful resolution. The crisis, marked by stalled …
The Operativo Chavín de Huántar was a military operation carried out by the Peruvian government to rescue hostages held by the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) at the Japanese ambassador's residence in Lima. President Alberto Fujimori highlighted the roles of General Hermoza and Vladimiro Montesinos in the operation's execution and …
The hostage crisis in Peru ended with a military intervention that successfully liberated the hostages. Among the 17 victims were Carlos Giusti Acuña, a Supreme Court judge, two military officers, and 14 MRTA insurgents who had attacked the residence. The operation significantly boosted President Alberto Fujimori's approval ratings, though there …
Supreme Decree No. 005-97, promulgated on June 24, 1997, established the Regulations for the regime of life and progressive treatment of inmates for terrorism and treason. This norm was part of the anti-terrorist legislation implemented during Alberto Fujimori's government. The decree regulated the conditions of confinement and the specific penitentiary …
Administrative Resolution No. 001-97, issued on December 12, 1997, established the Superior Corporate Criminal Court in charge of trying cases for the crime of terrorism. This resolution was part of the anti-terrorist legal framework implemented during the government of Alberto Fujimori. The creation of this specialized court was part of …
In 1998, the Peruvian government, under President Alberto Fujimori, intensified its use of media control and psychological operations to manipulate public perception of terrorism. The government labeled opposition activities as 'terrorist' to dissuade public protests and maintain control. This strategy included legislative measures like the 'aggravated terrorism' decrees, which aimed …
During the late 1990s, the Peruvian government under President Alberto Fujimori and his advisor Vladimiro Montesinos engaged in significant corruption and human rights violations. Funds were diverted to the National Intelligence Service (SIN) under the guise of combating subversion, but were instead used for illegal activities such as phone tapping, …
In 1999, Óscar Ramírez Durand, also known as 'Feliciano', a leader of the 'Sendero Rojo' faction of the Shining Path, was captured. The Peruvian government, led by Alberto Fujimori, used this event for propaganda purposes to bolster its image as a pacifier ahead of the 2000 presidential elections. The capture …
On April 25, 1999, Nicolás Lúcar resigned from Revista Dominical after an unauthorized broadcast of an interview with President Fujimori and Montesinos. In the interview, reporter Álamo Pérez Luna, instead of interrogating, gave visibly negotiated inputs for a discourse that exalted the efficiency of the government and its intelligence apparatus. …
Oscar Ramirez Durand, known as 'Feliciano', was captured in July 1999. Feliciano was one of the main leaders of the PCP-Sendero Luminoso who opposed the Peace Accord proposed by Abimael Guzmán in 1993, leading the faction that intended to continue the armed struggle. His capture was presented by Alberto Fujimori …
Oscar Ramirez Durand, known as 'Feliciano', was a leader of the Shining Path, a Maoist guerrilla group in Peru. He was captured on 14 July 1999 after a series of intelligence operations by the Peruvian police. The capture was used by President Alberto Fujimori to demonstrate the success of his …
In 2000, the Peruvian government, led by President Alberto Fujimori and his advisor Vladimiro Montesinos, attempted to bolster its popularity through Operation Siberia. This operation was presented as a successful intelligence mission against national enemies but was soon exposed as a fabrication, particularly by Colombia. The scandal was compounded by …
The 2000 Peruvian presidential elections were marred by significant irregularities, including the manipulation of media control by then-President Alberto Fujimori and his government. They launched costly campaigns to discredit opposition candidates, exploiting the threat of terrorism to influence public perception. These actions were part of a broader strategy to bolster …
Alberto Fujimori traveled to Asia in 2000, where he announced his resignation from the presidency of the Republic of Peru. This occurred in the context of a serious political crisis unleashed after his fraudulent re-election in April 2000. The resignation from abroad marked the end of the Fujimorist regime that …
On April 9, 2000, presidential elections were held in Peru, resulting in the victory of Alberto Fujimori. The CVR report describes this victory as "murky", suggesting irregularities in the electoral process. These elections represented the re-election of Fujimori, who had already won in 1990 and 1995. The electoral result was …
The Peruvian general elections of 2000 were marked by controversy and allegations of fraud. Initial exit polls suggested that Alejandro Toledo was leading, but as the official count progressed, President Alberto Fujimori was declared the winner. The elections were scrutinized by international observers, and various irregularities were reported, leading to …
The re-election of President Alberto Fujimori in Peru on May 28, 2000, was met with significant controversy and international criticism. The United States government rejected the legitimacy of the election, citing concerns about its validity and the lack of a legitimate opposition candidate. In response to the situation, the OAS …
The Marcha de los Cuatro Suyos was a three-day protest led by former presidential candidate Alejandro Toledo against the fraudulent re-election of President Alberto Fujimori. The protest began peacefully but escalated on July 28, 2000, when demonstrators clashed with police, leading to acts of vandalism and arson in central Lima. …
On July 29, 2000, President Alberto Fujimori accused the opposition of planning to set fire to the Congress of the Republic to prevent his inauguration. He compared their plans to those of the Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru (MRTA) and criticized them for inciting chaos and destruction in Lima. Fujimori claimed …
On 25 October 2000, the Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos filed a criminal complaint against Vladimiro Montesinos Torres and other military officials for crimes against humanity, including forced disappearance and homicide, related to the 'Matanza de Barrios Altos' case. This was part of a broader investigation into human rights violations …
In November 2000, President Alberto Fujimori of Peru announced his resignation while on a trip to Asia. His resignation was confirmed by the President of the Council of Ministers, Federico Salas Guevara, and was followed by the resignation of the cabinet to allow for a new government. On November 22, …
On November 22, Valentín Paniagua Corazao is sworn in as President of the Republic. Upon taking office, the new president states that in the eight months of his term 'there is little I can do to change things in the country'. Javier Perez de Cuellar is appointed President of the …
Valentín Paniagua is sworn in as President of the Republic. This event took place in the context of the political crisis generated by the resignation of Alberto Fujimori, who had traveled to Asia from where he announced his resignation after allegations of electoral fraud in his 2000 reelection. Paniagua's inauguration …
In the 1990s, the Peruvian government under President Alberto Fujimori enacted a series of amnesty laws that granted immunity to military and civilian personnel involved in human rights violations during the internal armed conflict. These laws were heavily criticized for obstructing justice and protecting perpetrators of serious crimes. On March …
In December 2001, following the collapse of Alberto Fujimori's regime, a transitional government led by Dr. Valentín Paniagua initiated the formation of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission. This move was part of a broader effort to address the demands for truth and justice regarding human rights abuses during Fujimori's rule. …
In 2002, in response to the rulings of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on due process violations in Peru, the Constitutional Court declared null and void a large part of the so-called anti-terrorist legislation enacted by the government of former President Alberto Fujimori. As a result, the Peruvian State …
The text discusses the impact of political and social violence in Peru, particularly during the presidency of Alberto Fujimori. It highlights the exhaustion felt by various sectors due to the actions of both the government and the PCP-SL (Shining Path), which led to the disintegration of social and political organizations. …
In 2002, an investigation was launched against Alberto Fujimori for the alleged commission of aggravated homicide against several individuals, including Eduardo Nicolás Cruz Sánchez, Herma Luz Meléndez Cuevas, and Víctor Salomón Peceros Pedraza. The investigation involved exhuming bodies and conducting forensic examinations to determine the identities and causes of death …
In 2002, the Constitutional Tribunal of Peru declared much of the anti-terrorism legislation enacted under former President Alberto Fujimori null and void. This decision followed rulings by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which found violations of due process in the trials of individuals accused of terrorism and treason. As …
Following a military rescue operation, authorities conducted actions including the removal and clandestine burial of fourteen deceased members of the MRTA. The necropsies were performed under irregular conditions as ordered by higher authorities, including President Alberto Fujimori. The official government narrative stated that the MRTA members died in combat, but …
On July 10, 2003, Alayo Calderón reaffirmed his allegations before a subcommittee investigating a constitutional complaint against former President Alberto Fujimori. The complaint involved the assassination of Pedro Huilca Tecse, a union leader allegedly targeted by the Colina Group, a death squad. Calderón testified about a plan to eliminate Huilca …
The report discusses the alleged arbitrary executions of subversives Herma Luz Meléndez Cueva and Víctor Salomón Peceros Pedraza, which are linked to a military operation under the command of former President Alberto Fujimori. The operation involved high-ranking officials like Vladimiro Montesinos and General Nicolás de Bari Hermoza. The incident raises …
In 2003, the Peruvian judicial system initiated legal proceedings against several military officials, including Vladimiro Montesinos Torres and Nicolás de Bari Hermoza Ríos, for their involvement in the homicide of Eduardo Nicolás Cruz Sánchez, Herma Luz Meléndez Cueva, and Víctor Salomón Peceros Pedraza. The investigation, led by the Peruvian National …
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![Fujimori: Guilty or innocent? pt 3 [of 5]](https://img.youtube.com/vi/JgDnXJ-A1Cg/hqdefault.jpg)
![Fujimori: Guilty or innocent? pt 5 [of 5]](https://img.youtube.com/vi/zcYmERj7d9k/hqdefault.jpg)
![Fujimori: Guilty or innocent? pt 2 [of 5]](https://img.youtube.com/vi/gNxFM0XSKsg/hqdefault.jpg)
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![Fujimori: Guilty or innocent? pt 4 [of 5]](https://img.youtube.com/vi/VYeysv7A2Xc/hqdefault.jpg)
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![Fujimori: Guilty or innocent? pt 1 [of 5]](https://img.youtube.com/vi/aiMGngNqAJI/hqdefault.jpg)
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