In May 1980, the Communist Party of Peru, known as Sendero Luminoso, initiated an armed conflict against the Peruvian state and society. This conflict, marked by extreme violence, resulted in Sendero Luminoso being responsible for 54% of the reported fatalities, with an estimated total of 31,331 deaths. The conflict highlighted …
In 1985, various institutions and individuals committed to defending human rights during Peru's internal armed conflict established the Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos. This organization became a crucial entity for providing legal support and refuge to victims of violence. Despite facing attacks from both the authoritarian regime of Alberto Fujimori …
In the 1980s, two types of peasant patrols, or 'rondas campesinas', were formed in Peru. On November 6, 1986, the government of Alan García Pérez officially recognized the peaceful, democratic, and autonomous peasant patrols in the northern departments of Cajamarca and Piura. Meanwhile, in the central highlands, armed 'rondas contrasubversivas' …
The military arrived for the first time in the Canipaco valley after the event of April 12, 1989, which was the most shocking massacre in the entire Canipaco area. This military arrival was in response to the massacre perpetrated the previous day (April 11-12) in Chongos Alto, where authorities and …
On December 24, 1989, the MRTA carried out simultaneous raids in several cities in the department of San Martin as part of its Fernando Valladares Military Campaign. This campaign was aimed at criticizing the economic and political conditions imposed by the government of Alberto Fujimori. Actions included the capture of …
On December 24, 1989, the MRTA took the city of Juanjuí as part of the Fernando Valladares Military Campaign. This operation was aimed at criticizing the economic and political conditions imposed by the government of Alberto Fujimori. The action in Juanjuí was coordinated with simultaneous incursions in other cities of …
In 1989, the MRTA launched a new offensive in the San Martín region, capturing several localities including Juanjuí and conducting simultaneous incursions in Tarapoto, Saposoa, Moyobamba, and Rioja on December 24. This was part of the MRTA's Military Campaign Fernando Valladares, aimed at criticizing the economic and political conditions imposed …
During the 1990 presidential campaign in Peru, Alberto Fujimori emerged as a significant political figure, winning the presidency with 68% of the votes in the second round. Amidst the campaign, Fujimori faced accusations of fraud and tax evasion, which led to the involvement of Vladimiro Montesinos, a former army captain, …
Gloria Helfer Palacios was appointed as the Minister of Education in Peru during Alberto Fujimori's presidency. One of her first actions was to eliminate the course of Instrucción Premilitar, which led to tensions with the military and political figures who viewed her with suspicion due to her leftist background. She …
In 1990, Alberto Fujimori was elected President of Peru with the support of the left and the APRA. Following his election, Fujimori appointed several members from the leftist IU party to ministerial positions, which led to internal conflicts within the IU. These events highlighted the crisis and fragmentation within the …
In the midst of a widespread crisis and loss of confidence in political organizations, the 1990 presidential elections in Peru resulted in the victory of Alberto Fujimori, an independent candidate. Fujimori's administration faced significant challenges, including an economic crisis and the threat of subversion, which he addressed by relying on …
Under Alberto Fujimori's government, a military base was installed in 1990 in the Vista Alegre annex, Chicche district. This installation was part of the military counteroffensive in the Canipaco valley, along with other bases established in San Juan de Jarpa that same year, and later in Chongos Bajo, Huamancaca Chico …
In 1990, Alberto Fujimori presented his government plan focused on stabilizing the economy by reducing hyperinflation and encouraging both national and foreign investment. During this period, Fujimori faced a 'dirty war' from various media outlets, which labeled him as pro-Senderista, pro-Aprista, and an evangelist. The political climate was further charged …
Under Alberto Fujimori's government, a military base was installed in the San Juan de Jarpa district in 1990 as part of the state counter-offensive against the PCP-Sendero Luminoso in the Canipaco valley. This installation was part of a broader military deployment that included bases in Chicche (Vista Alegre Annex) that …
In 1990, following the election of Alberto Fujimori as President of Peru, community kitchens and women's organizations in Huaycán gained prominence. These organizations, initially formed to ensure food security, faced manipulation attempts from both the government and the PCP-SL. The government sought to control these groups by threatening to cut …
The Peruvian general elections of 1990 were marked by significant political polarization between the left-wing coalition IU and the right-wing coalition FREDEMO. Despite efforts to unify, the left presented a divided front, leading to a poor electoral performance. Ultimately, Mario Vargas Llosa of FREDEMO and Alberto Fujimori of Cambio 90 …
Alberto Fujimori wins the presidential elections with 62% of the votes. This electoral triumph occurred in a context of serious economic crisis, generalized political violence and the growing presence of subversive groups in Metropolitan Lima. The elections took place when the PCP-SL and the MRTA intensified their actions in the …
The 1990 Peruvian presidential election saw Alberto Fujimori unexpectedly secure 29% of the vote, closely trailing the favorite, Mario Vargas Llosa, who received 33%. This led to a runoff election, where Fujimori's opposition to economic shock policies helped him gain widespread support and ultimately win the presidency. The election marked …
In the general elections of April 9, 1990, Alberto Fujimori obtained 29% of the votes, coming second after Fredemo (33%). Absenteeism was the highest in the ten years of democracy. In the departments of Ayacucho and Huancavelica it exceeded 40%; while in Huánuco and Junín it was around 50%. In …
The 1990 presidential election in Peru was marked by severe economic and social crises, with inflation rates reaching unprecedented levels. The election saw the rise of Alberto Fujimori, a relatively unknown candidate, who capitalized on the public's disillusionment with traditional political parties. Fujimori's campaign, characterized by its simplicity and the …
In the second electoral round, the left (IU and IS) asked its militancy to vote in favor of the candidate Alberto Fujimori. With the support of the left and the APRA, Alberto Fujimori was elected president. Shortly after, Fujimori appointed Gloria Helfer (IU), Fernando Sanchez Albavera (IS) and Carlos Amat …
On June 10, the run-off election between Alberto Fujimori and Mario Vargas Llosa took place. Fujimori won by a wide margin after saying during the electoral debate that he would not apply the shock economic policy. The electoral process had produced a new leadership of extremely high popularity in which …
The day Alberto Fujimori was sworn in for the first time as President of the Republic, a large group of people invaded a small fenced-in plot of land belonging to the Isola family, located in Ate-Vitarte. This was a large-scale action carried out by the PCP-SL, seeking to consolidate its …
On July 28, Alberto Fujimori took office as President of the Republic. His presidential message was very vague about the adjustment measures to be taken, but its vagueness was significant; he was abandoning the rejection of the economic adjustment policy. The only political content of the electoral majority obtained by …
In August 1990, President Alberto Fujimori of Peru implemented a severe economic adjustment program known as the 'fujishock'. This program marked a significant shift from his electoral promises, focusing on free-market policies without prior activation of social emergency programs for the economically disadvantaged. The measures led to widespread market closures …
The General Confederation of Peruvian Workers (CGTP) called a general strike during August 1990, in the context of the recently initiated government of Alberto Fujimori. The strike had little acceptance among the population and did not succeed in paralyzing the country's activities. This strike took place at a time of …
In August 1990, shortly after Alberto Fujimori assumed the presidency of Peru, a radical economic adjustment program known as the 'fujishock' was implemented. This program aimed to stabilize the economy but lacked provisions for social welfare, leading to significant economic hardship for the population. Despite this, a significant portion of …
The PCP-Sendero Luminoso called the fourth armed strike in Lima on August 9, 1990, in protest against the set of economic measures implemented by the government of Alberto Fujimori Fujimori. This strike was part of an ascending sequence of armed strikes that the PCP-SL organized between 1988 and 1992 in …
On August 28, 1990, the PCP-SL called the fourth armed strike in protest against the package of economic measures known as the Fujishock. This strike coincided with that called by the CGTP, although with different political objectives.
On September 11, 1990, Victor Macedonio de la Torre Romero, manager of Cementos Lima, was kidnapped. The Communist Party of Peru - Shining Path (PCP-SL) was identified as responsible for the act. The kidnapping was later confirmed on September 22. This event occurred in a context of intense political violence …
The Chamber of Deputies of the Peruvian Congress agreed to declare the constitutional accusation against former president Alan García Pérez for the prison massacre that took place in 1986. This accusation took place in the context of the end of his presidential term and the beginning of Alberto Fujimori's government. …
In October 1990, mass graves were discovered in Chilcahuaico, Ayacucho, and Chumbivilcas, Cusco, containing 17 and 18 bodies respectively. These findings prompted the creation of a congressional investigation commission. The graves were indicative of ongoing human rights violations during the early months of President Alberto Fujimori's administration.
On October 10, 1990, military forces took 18 young men and peasants from the area. The bodies of the victims were later found in a mass grave located in Chilqahuayco, province of Huamanga, Ayacucho. This event occurred in the context of counter-subversive operations in the region during Alberto Fujimori's government. …
The government promulgates Supreme Decree 70-90-TR restricting the right to strike. The decree is a way of dealing with strikes by workers of the IPSS (Peruvian Institute of Social Security) and the CITE (Intersectoral Confederation of State Workers). This measure is framed in a context of multiple labor protests and …
In November 1990, the Peruvian Congress, with the support of officialist and APRA deputies, blocked a constitutional accusation against former President Alan García. The accusation was related to his alleged responsibility in the 1986 prison massacres. This event highlighted the political maneuvering and alliances formed by President Fujimori to prevent …
Congressman Alejandro Victoria Mendoza, a member of the Cambio 90 party, was assassinated in the district of Ate Vitarte, Lima. This crime took place in the context of an escalation of political violence in the Peruvian capital, where both the PCP-SL and the MRTA were intensifying their actions against authorities …
President Alberto Fujimori issued the Decreto Supremo 171-90-PCM on 21 December 1990, which subjected military and police personnel in emergency zones to the Military Justice Code for any offenses committed in the line of duty. This decree faced significant criticism and was deemed unconstitutional, leading to its repeal by Law …
On December 25, 1990, the Peruvian government repealed the Bank Nationalization Law. This measure was part of the economic policies implemented during the government of Alberto Fujimori. The repeal represented a significant change in the country's economic policy, reversing the previous intention to nationalize the banking system. This act was …
The Executive Branch, in an act described as unprecedented, promulgates and publishes the Annual General Budget Law in the official gazette El Peruano. The government makes observations to 15 of the 313 articles of the law. This act marks a moment of tension between the Executive and the Congress in …
At the end of 1991, the Peruvian government enacted Legislative Decree 741, which legalized the counter-subversive patrols, known as CAD, as community self-defense organizations. This decree was promoted by President Alberto Fujimori, who sought to strengthen peasant participation in the fight against insurgency. Although the decree was seen by some …
In 1991, President Alberto Fujimori of Peru used legislative decrees to bypass democratic controls and consolidate power, ostensibly to combat subversion. This led to a clash with Congress, which sought to repeal several decrees that undermined democratic principles. The conflict highlighted the tension between executive power and legislative oversight during …
In 1991, the Northeastern Front (FNO) of the MRTA initiated the 'Fernando Valladares Military Campaign', whose objective was to criticize the economic and political conditions imposed by the government of Alberto Fujimori. During this campaign they carried out some important military actions, highlighting the simultaneous incursion on May 10 in …
In 1991, special operations groups were formed under the directive of the Peruvian government, reporting directly to President Alberto Fujimori and his close advisors, including his brother Santiago Fujimori and Vladimiro Montesinos. These groups were composed of selected AIO officers and divided into three subgroups, each led by a different …
In 1991, during Alberto Fujimori's administration, military bases were installed in the districts of Chongos Bajo, Huamancaca Chico and Chupaca, as part of the military counteroffensive in the Canipaco valley. These installations were added to the military bases previously established in 1990 in the districts of Chicche (Vista Alegre Annex) …
The Peruvian government issued Supreme Decree 00-91-PCM declaring a state of reorganization of all public entities in the country. This measure was part of a broader policy of state reform implemented during the government of Alberto Fujimori. The decree also offered economic incentives for those civil servants who voluntarily resigned …
During the first year of President Alberto Fujimori's government, there were reports of 375 forced disappearances in Peru, with 236 cases remaining unresolved. The operations were allegedly conducted by a specialized unit within the National Intelligence System, targeting presumed terrorists, particularly in universities. These actions were reportedly known to the …
The Directiva de Pacificación 003-91-MD/SDN was a political and psychosocial program implemented in Peru under President Alberto Fujimori. It aimed to combat subversive elements through a counter-subversive war strategy, similar to Taiwan's 'political warfare' approach. The directive was criticized for its militarization, which risked violating human rights and undermining democracy …
The first Comité de Autodefensa Civil was established in 1991 in Naranjillo, Peru, as a grassroots effort to combat armed subversion. These committees were composed of local volunteers who received minimal government support, primarily in the form of weapons and supplies. Despite their initial purpose, they were politically manipulated by …
In 1991, Vladimiro Montesinos, an advisor to President Alberto Fujimori, began consolidating power by manipulating military appointments and expanding his influence over the judiciary and intelligence services. He orchestrated legislative changes to enhance military power under the guise of counterinsurgency efforts. Montesinos' maneuvers culminated in the promotion of General Nicolás …
In the early 1990s, the Peruvian government, under President Alberto Fujimori, sought to address subversive threats while maintaining a public discourse of human rights respect. Despite international scrutiny, particularly from the United States, the government continued its military strategies against subversion. Negotiations for economic aid from the U.S. were complicated …
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