The Trujillo insurrection in 1932 was an uprising that was barbarically repressed, leaving a deep imprint of resentment and distrust in the political life of Peru for decades. This event is one of the many episodes of violence in 20th century Peruvian history that were not adequately investigated and responsibilities …
The 1940 national census recorded a total population of 7,023,111 inhabitants in Peru. At that time, Metropolitan Lima had 661,508 inhabitants, representing only 9.4% of the country's total population. This census marks an important reference point for understanding the subsequent demographic changes experienced by the country, especially the process of …
In 1948, General Odría led a military coup in Peru that resulted in the intervention of universities and the repression of student leaders. This event marked a period of military control over educational institutions, affecting the influence of political parties such as the Peruvian Aprista Party (PAP) and the Communist …
The Peruvian State approved the four Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949 through Legislative Resolution No. 12412 dated October 31, 1955. These conventions entered into force for Peru on August 15, 1956. The four Geneva Conventions refer to: wounded and sick members of the Armed Forces in the field (I), …
The Peruvian State approved the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide through Legislative Resolution 13288 dated December 29, 1959. This Convention had been adopted by the United Nations (UN) in 1948. The approval of this international instrument incorporated into the Peruvian legal system the international …
The 1961 national census recorded a total population of 10,420,357 inhabitants in the country. Metropolitan Lima had 1,901,927 inhabitants, representing 18.3% of the national population, a significant increase over the 9.4% recorded in 1940. This census also recorded 7 additional districts in the province of Lima, four of which were …
When Belaunde assumed the presidency of the republic in 1963, he promised to carry out a broad and resolute agrarian reform. However, the APRA-UNO opposition systematically put the brakes on this reform, achieving, by means of a statute of exception, that Law No. 15037 of May 19, 1964 did not …
The processes of urbanization and modernization of Metropolitan Lima can be explained in relation to the demographic changes experienced by the country since the middle of the twentieth century, which generated new population contingents that became social actors, especially during the first Belaunde government (1963-1968) and the military regime (1968-1980), …
The 1965 guerrilla movement was an insurgent movement that had a significant impact on the communities in the Oreja de Perro area. After these events, the communities of Mollebamba, Santa Carmen, Oronqoy, among others, created communal schools in 1967. In 1973, Abimael Guzman gave a talk at the Ongoy high …
In September 1965, the National Liberation Army (ELN) initiated actions in the province of La Mar, in Ayacucho. This was a new insurrectional attempt by the ELN, following previous guerrilla attempts in 1961-1963. The ELN guerrilla movement in this area was part of the second wave of guerrilla actions in …
In December 1965, the Tupac Amaru Front, a guerrilla column in the central region of the country, was annihilated by counterinsurgent forces. This front was part of the guerrilla movements that operated in Peru between 1965 and 1967, which arose as a result of the agrarian problem and anti-landowner peasant …
In 1968, in the midst of a deep political crisis, a military coup took place and General Juan Velasco Alvarado assumed the presidency and promoted various social reforms between 1968 and 1975. These reforms ended up liquidating the oligarchic regime in crisis. In the case of Ayacucho, they seriously affected …
The military regime that governed Peru between 1968 and 1980 was a key period in the reconfiguration of Metropolitan Lima and the country. During this period, especially during the first military government of Velasco, important demographic changes took place that generated new population contingents that became social actors. The regime …
On June 24, 1969, the government of the Armed Forces enacted the Agrarian Reform Law, which expropriated the agro-industrial complexes, initiating a process of radical changes in the land ownership structure. Different forms of cooperative and associative property were established, where the Agrarian Production Cooperatives (CAPs), the Agricultural Societies of …
On June 24, 1969, the government of the Armed Forces enacted the Agrarian Reform Law, which expropriated the agro-industrial complexes, thus initiating a process of radical changes. Different forms of cooperative and associative ownership were established, including the Agrarian Production Cooperatives (CAPs), the Agricultural Societies of Social Interest (SAIS), the …
The Peruvian State approved the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination by Decree Law 18969 on September 21, 1971. This convention was originally adopted by the UN in 1965. The approval of this international instrument is part of the normative framework of human rights that …
During 1972 and 1973 there were occupations of haciendas that resulted in the expropriation of some estates. In contrast to the northern coast, these mobilizations sought to obtain from the government the allocation of land, going beyond the legal channels of agrarian reform and radicalizing it. These actions were part …
In 1973, the high school of Ongoy, located in the province of Andahuaylas, experienced a process of politicization. Abimael Guzman, leader of the Shining Path, visited the school and gave a talk to the students. In his presentation, Guzman addressed issues such as poverty in Peru, Agrarian Reform and made …
In 1973, the high school of Ongoy, located in the province of Andahuaylas, experienced a process of politicization. Abimael Guzman, leader of the Shining Path, visited the school and gave a talk to the students. In his presentation, Guzman addressed topics such as poverty in Peru, Agrarian Reform and made …
In 1974, the National Agrarian Confederation (CNA) was founded, an organization dedicated to the organization of agrarian leagues in the context of the agrarian reform implemented during the military government of Juan Velasco Alvarado. The CNA competed with the leftist organizations that reactivated the Peasant Confederation of Peru under the …
Between July and September 1974, massive land seizures took place in the province of Andahuaylas, where agrarian reform had not advanced significantly. The mobilization was led by leaders Lino Quintanilla and Julio César Mezzich, under the leadership of the Confederación Campesina del Perú (CCP). The seizures resulted in thousands of …
Beginning in 1975, mining workers in the central region of Peru began a new process of demonstrations and labor demands. This movement arose in response to existing labor conditions and marked the beginning of a new stage in mining union organization. The workers mainly demanded the leveling of their salaries …
Since the mid-twentieth century, Peru experienced an increase in public university enrollment, while state investment in higher education decreased. This situation was aggravated by the economic crisis of 1975, which contributed to political radicalization within the universities. The combination of external and internal factors created an environment conducive to internal …
The Sociedad Agraria de Interés Social (SAIS) Cahuide, the largest peasant enterprise in the department of Junín and the entire country created by the agrarian reform, could not avoid the effects of the 1976 economic crisis. This crisis, together with the contradictions inherent to its structure and organization, seriously affected …
On July 19, 1977, the Committee for the Defense and Struggle of Coronel Portillo (CODEL-COP) was created, an organization that brought together all the union, peasant and even native forces of the province. At that time, the Committee of Revolutionary Workers of Peru (CTRP) was also included. This organization was …
The National Strike of July 19, 1977 demonstrated the unity between the labor and neighborhood movements in Metropolitan Lima. It is estimated that 43% of the slum dwellers were workers, which facilitated an intense but spontaneous participation of the slum dwellers. This strike was called by the 'Comité de Coordinación …
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs announces a series of incidents in the border area with Ecuador. Small direct confrontations take place and a Peruvian soldier is killed. Finally, diplomatic intervention eliminates any possibility of a major conflict between the two countries.
The 1966 UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) was approved by the Peruvian State through Decree Law 22128 dated March 28, 1978. This covenant was subsequently ratified together with its Optional Protocol (I) by Title VIII, General and Transitory Provision XVI of the Political Constitution of 1979. …
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (UN, 1966) was approved in Peru by Decree Law 22129 dated March 28, 1978. This international instrument was subsequently ratified by Title VIII, General and Transitory Provision XVI of the Political Constitution of 1979. The Pact is one of the main …
The Peruvian State approved the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid through Decree Law 22 280 of September 5, 1978. This convention was adopted by the United Nations (UN) in 1973. The approval of this international instrument is part of the normative framework of …
The American Convention on Human Rights (OAS, 1969) was ratified by the Peruvian State through the Political Constitution of Peru of 1979, in the Sixteenth of its General and Transitory Provisions. This ratification expressly included Articles 45 and 62, referring to the competence of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights …
SAIS Cahuide, the largest peasant enterprise in Peru created by the agrarian reform, experienced a dramatic reduction in its income beginning in 1979. The drastic drop in sales of livestock production and sheep wool was a determining factor in this reduction. In 1979 it had reached its highest profits in …
In 1979, the Sindicato Único de Trabajadores en la Educación del Perú (SUTEP) of Cajamarca mobilized all its regional members to participate in a national strike. This mobilization was part of the large national strikes developed by SUTEP in 1978 and 1979, which even mobilized parents. These actions contributed significantly …
In January 1979, a strike was called, but it was a failure. This event occurred in the context of the popular and union mobilizations that characterized the end of the military regime (1968-1980). The failure of the strike generated a demobilization that was taken advantage of by the government to …
In 1979, the longest teachers' strike in Peruvian history took place: 118 days. It was motivated by the non-fulfillment of government promises from the previous strike. The government's repressive response implied the recess of several educational centers and the refusal to engage in dialogue with the SUTEP leadership, which was …
Decree Law No. 22612 was promulgated on July 25, 1979 by the Peruvian government as part of a new state policy towards human settlements and shantytowns. This measure took place in a context of demobilization of the popular movement after the failure of the strike called in January 1979. The …
On August 3, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, historical leader of the Peruvian Aprista Party, died. His death generates a succession crisis in the PAP, making explicit two currents within the party: a parliamentary conservative liberalism and a reformist corporativism. His death marks a crucial moment in Peruvian political …
The Communist Party of Peru Shining Path held the I Conference called Define and Decide. This conference was a key moment in the preparation of the organization for the beginning of the armed struggle. During this event, the PCP-SL defined its political and military strategy for the coming years.
During the period 1980-2000, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (CVR) recorded a total of 11,376 Quechua-speaking deaths and disappearances. The Shining Path PCP was responsible for 6,788 victims, State Agents for 3,491, the Self-Defense Committees (CADS) for 261, the MRTA for 71, and 765 cases were attributed to undetermined perpetrators …
During the period 1980-2000, the CVR recorded a total of 3,593 deaths and disappearances of native Spanish speakers. The Shining Path PCP was responsible for 1,734 victims, State Agents for 1,181, CADS for 49, MRTA for 190, and 439 cases were attributed to undetermined perpetrators or others. Spanish-speaking victims accounted …
During 1980, no fatal law enforcement casualties were recorded according to data provided by the armed institutes and the Ministry of the Interior to the TRC. The internal armed conflict began in 1980, but the first law enforcement casualties were reported from 1981 onwards. In the entire period 1980-2000, 1,674 …
The district of Chungui was one of the territories most affected by the internal armed conflict in Peru. Between 1980 and 2000, 1,381 people were recorded dead and missing, almost 17% of the district's population counted in 1981. The conflict involved actions by the PCP-Sendero Luminoso, the Armed Forces, and …
In 1980, 11 Quechua-speaking deaths and disappearances were reported. Of these, 6 were attributed to the Shining Path PCP, 2 to State agents, and 3 to undetermined perpetrators or others. This year marked the beginning of the internal armed conflict in Peru.
In 1980, the Communist Party of Peru - Shining Path (PCP-SL) initiated what it called the 'people's war'. This armed movement began in a context of global revolutionary ebb, contrary to the belief that it was part of a global strategic offensive. The struggle was influenced by the defeat of …
At the end of the 1970s, the Communist Party of Peru - Shining Path (PCP-SL) began to prepare the beginning of the armed struggle. This event significantly marked the political processes in Peru, both at the national and university levels. The democratic transition and the integration of the left into …
The internal armed conflict that Peru experienced between 1980 and 2000 is the most serious in the country's republican history. It left very deep scars on all levels of national life. The extent and intensity of the conflict accentuated the serious national imbalances, destroyed the democratic order, exacerbated poverty and …
Juan Coaccza Chifana, leader of the Federation of Municipal Workers of Peru, died in May 1980 in Lima. According to complaints filed with the ILO (International Labor Organization), the alleged perpetrator of his death was the Civil Guard. This case is one of the violations of freedom of association documented …
In May 1980, while the presidential elections that would allow the transfer of power to civilians were being organized, an armed group of the PCP-SL burned the ballot boxes and electoral rolls in the town of Chuschi. This act represents the beginning of the internal war that would soon put …
In May 1980, presidential elections were held in Peru, marking the return to democracy after the military regime (1968-1980). On the eve of these elections, the PCP-SL broke into Chuschi, Cangallo, Ayacucho, assaulting the electoral registry office, an event that was barely mentioned by the Ayacucho and national press. The …
In May 1980, the internal armed conflict began when the Communist Party of Peru Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) started its subversive actions. The PCP-SL developed a strategy that consciously incorporated terror as an instrument in the service of its objectives and explicitly rejected the rules of international law. The Shining …
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