In 1978, during the transition and restoration of democratic order in Peru, the district of San Juan de Lurigancho saw a significant electoral victory for the left-wing coalition Izquierda Unida, which secured 46.6% of the district's vote for the Constituent Assembly. Despite this initial success, the left's influence waned due …
In March 1981, Decree Law No. 046 was enacted, which typified the crime of terrorism and established penalties against those who incurred in it. This was one of the first legislative measures of the Peruvian State to confront the beginning of subversive actions. However, according to the CVR report, it …
In 1984, the first course on Psychological Operations based on the 'Political Warfare' doctrine was offered at the Escuela Superior de Guerra in Peru. This doctrine, developed in Taiwan, was studied by Peruvian police and military officers who traveled to Taiwan in the early 1980s. The doctrine played a significant …
In 1989, the Peruvian Armed Forces redefined their counterinsurgency strategy to focus on intelligence and psychosocial operations. This new approach aimed to gain public support and neutralize insurgent actions while reducing human rights violations. However, it ultimately led to a deterioration of military ethics and undermined the democratic system, culminating …
Between June 10, the day of the second round of elections, and July 28, the day he took office, Fujimori spent several weeks in a suite in the Military Circle, under the pretext of watching over the security of the newly elected president. There he was initiated by Vladimiro Montesinos …
On December 6, 1990, the Peruvian Senate ratified the promotions of two army generals, Jorge Rabanal Portilla and José Rolando Valdivia Dueñas, despite their controversial involvement in human rights violations. These promotions occurred in a broader context of impunity, as the government, led by President Fujimori, issued decrees that shielded …
Minister Juan Carlos Hurtado Miller appeared before the permanent committee of Congress to report on the negotiations with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In his presentation, the minister reiterated that the negotiating mission with the IMF had not reached a final agreement with the international financial institution. Hurtado Miller explained …
On February 8, 1991, President Fujimori presented to the media a video seized by the police on January 31, 1991, which showed the Shining Path leadership dancing the Zorba the Greek dance. This homemade video offered a contradictory portrait of a leadership that lived in comfort, behind the backs of …
In April 1991, during the Second Statutory Congress of the CUAH, the PCP-SL faced a political defeat when delegates organized a 'mass self-defense' against drug addiction, crime, and violence. The PCP-SL responded by calling for an armed strike on April 29-30, 1991, and attempted to sabotage the May elections, which …
The ministerial cabinet appeared before the Congress of the Republic to request that extraordinary powers be granted to the Executive Branch. These powers were to legislate in four specific areas: national pacification, reorganization of the State, private investment and promotion of employment. This request was framed in a context of …
In May 1991, President Fujimori and a presidential delegation entered San Marcos University, leading to a confrontation where approximately three hundred students threw stones at them. This incident was used as a pretext to establish a military base on campus. The military intervention included searches and interventions in faculties, which …
La Cantuta was militarily intervened at 3:00 a.m. on May 22, 1991, following a visit by then president Fujimori to the campus. Military troops stormed the university. By then, most of the 300 residents were aware of the situation and had managed to leave the premises beforehand. Among the students …
On June 20, 1991, Julio Salazar Monroe, head of the SIN, sent official letter 028-SIN-01 to President Fujimori asking him to recognize a group of officers who had been working in tasks related to the counter-subversive struggle. The list included ten people including Santiago Martin Rivas, Carlos Pichilingüe Guevara and …
On June 25, 1991, President Fujimori addressed a memorandum to the Minister of Defense ordering that a group of Peruvian army chiefs and officers be rewarded for having rendered efficient services in matters of National Security and defense of the high values of democracy. This document was one of the …
On July 7, 1991, the Urban Self-Management Community of Huaycán (CUAH) decided to create the "Self-Defense Corps", initially restricted to fighting crime and drug addiction. This decision came after in April 1991, during the Second Statutory Congress of the CUAH, the Shining Pathists were politically defeated by the delegates who …
A lengthy congressional letter to President George Bush, dated July 23, stated that the Peruvian military and police forces have prevented the Fujimori government from complying with the conditions set by INCA, and that for the fourth consecutive year the United Nations Human Rights Commission has received more reports of …
On July 30, 1991, President Fujimori addressed a memorandum to the Minister of Defense ordering that recognition be given for special work in the area of National Security carried out during 1990 and so far this year. The document specified that this recognition would be considered as an incentive for …
On the basis of Presidential Resolution No. 91-20, the Secretary of State proceeded to verify that Peru did satisfy the criteria set by INCA and expressed this in a July 30 letter to Congress, which attests to this, repeating point by point the INCA criteria as already satisfied by Peru, …
After 104 days of strike, teachers returned to the classroom on August 23. The SUTEP (Sindicato Unitario de Trabajadores en la Educación del Perú) strike began in May 1991 and lasted more than three months. During the conflict, the government declared a state of emergency in the education sector to …
On December 1, 1991, several neighborhood organizations from the districts of the Northern Cone carried out a March for Peace, in rejection of violence. This mobilization took place at a time when the Fujimori government was establishing harsh repressive measures against the population with raids and selective police operations. The …
In 1992, the Peruvian government, under President Fujimori, enacted Legislative Decree 726, allowing military and police forces to enter university campuses to combat terrorist activities. This effectively ended university autonomy and led to the militarization of campuses, including the installation of a military base at the entrance of the Universidad …
After constant social mobilizations promoted by FEDIP-SM (Frente de Defensa de los Intereses del Pueblo de San Martín), in 1992 the government of Alberto Fujimori enacted the law creating the San Martin Region. This demand had been one of the main demands during the second indefinite general strike of February …
Police intervention called 'Mudanza Uno' in the Shining Path wards of the Canto Grande prison to transfer more than 100 women to the Chorrillos prison. On May 12, an official communiqué from the Ministry of the Interior reported that 35 inmates accused of terrorism were killed. This operation was carried …
Fujimori called for elections for the Democratic Constituent Congress (CCD) to be held on October 18. Subsequently, the date was changed to November 22. The opposition - lacking political space - requested a plebiscite to consult on the continuity of the regime, but this request was not accepted by the …
The discovery of the La Cantuta graves gave new impetus to the denunciations of human rights violations. Fujimori's government did not assume responsibility, opting instead for the disqualification of the legitimacy of the denouncers and their permanent harassment. The government will continue with a series of intentional changes in legislation …
In 1994, the Peruvian government extended the State of Emergency in the regions of Huánuco and San Martín due to increased subversive activities by the PCP-SL (Shining Path). This period saw significant violence, including the assassination of community leaders and military personnel, as well as pressure on local coca growers. …
Since April 5, 1994, Operation Aries was implemented with aerial bombardments using helicopter gunships and rocket fighter planes. The Armed Forces prepared special companies trained with Israeli techniques. The operation caused indiscriminate death of villagers. In Puerto Moyuna, on April 8, the military tortured and executed Jesús Vera Virgilio and …
In June 1995, the Democratic Constituent Congress approved by majority vote the Amnesty laws guaranteeing impunity for human rights violations. This approval included a significant vote by some leaders of the opposition to the Fujimori regime. The amnesty laws were designed to dispense with the obsequiousness of judicial authorities and …
President Fujimori promulgated Law 26479, known as the General Amnesty Law, which had been approved by Congress the day before. This law granted general amnesty to military, police or civilian personnel denounced, investigated, prosecuted, tried or condemned for common and military crimes derived from the fight against terrorism from May …
On July 2, 1995, the Democratic Constituent Congress approved Law No. 26492 that interpreted Article 1 of Law No. 26479 in the sense that the general amnesty was of obligatory application by the Jurisdictional Bodies and reached all the facts derived from the fight against terrorism. The procedure was irregular: …
On October 18, 1995, a proposal was made in the Peruvian Congress to form an investigative commission to examine the military's involvement in the Cantuta Massacre, where a professor and nine students were killed. Despite evidence presented by Major Santiago Martín Rivas linking military personnel to the crime, the motion …
Between 1996 and 1999, the Peruvian State had to pardon 502 people unjustly convicted of terrorism and treason. This was a consequence of the serious errors committed by the system implemented to prosecute the accused, which violated elementary principles of due process. The magnitude of these errors demonstrated the structural …
Between December 17, 1996 and April 22, 1997, the MRTA took over the residence of the Japanese Ambassador, holding 72 hostages. The independent press, although critical of the Fujimori government, was visibly self-regulating in its coverage due to the magnitude of the blackmail. Coverage was intense and attracted international press. …
On March 23, 1997, Mariela Barreto, who was a SIE source for journalistic investigations on the Colina Group and SIN operations, was found decapitated. Her murder was part of the persecution of those who collaborated with journalists in investigations on human rights violations and death squads during the Fujimori government.
Operation Chavín de Huántar was a successful military operation carried out on April 22, 1997, to rescue hostages held by the MRTA at the Japanese ambassador's residence in Peru. The operation marked a significant achievement for the Peruvian government, enhancing its prestige. However, the credit for the success was contested …
In 1998, the Peruvian government, under President Fujimori, expanded the powers of the National Intelligence Service (SIN) and the military to combat crime, using the public's fear of common crimes to justify this expansion. This move included the implementation of harsh legal measures, such as the concept of 'aggravated terrorism,' …
During the collapse of Fujimori's regime, the incoming Transitional Democratic Government found the penitentiary system in disarray, with legal frameworks that were impractical and unenforceable. The harsh penitentiary regime led to the retaking of prisons by groups like Sendero Luminoso and MRTA, undermining the authority of the state. Fujimori's government …
On 14 July 1999, Feliciano, a subversive figure, was captured in Cochas, near Huánuco, Peru. The capture was initially misrepresented by the government, which claimed it was executed by the Peruvian Army while Feliciano was disguised as a campesino. However, it was later revealed that he was captured on an …
The collapse of the Fujimori regime was triggered by the exposure of its corrupt character. This led to the formation of a transitional government headed by the recently appointed president of the Congress of the Republic, Dr. Valentín Paniagua, who faced the most urgent challenges of the beginning of the …
The text discusses the ongoing pain and indignation felt by victims' families due to the impunity surrounding human rights violations in Peru. It highlights the frustration over the lack of justice for crimes committed during the internal conflict, including the presence of perpetrators like Martín Rivas and former President Fujimori …
In the aftermath of the Fujimori dictatorship in Peru, the country faced significant challenges related to corruption and human rights abuses. The intertwining of state mechanisms and narcotrafficking networks highlighted a deep-seated corruption that required a new ethical mindset for reconciliation. The process of reconciliation was seen as essential for …
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