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Murder of Juvenal Martinez in mobilization in Julcani
In November 1993, during a workers' mobilization at the Julcani mining center, worker Juvenal Martínez was shot and killed by military personnel. The murder was perpetrated by a major identified as Rubén Rodríguez Rebanal, who shot Martínez at point-blank range. The mobilization was in protest against the mine's industrial relations …
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Promulgation of decree law 25880 on apology of terrorism against teachers
On November 26, 1992, Decree Law 25880, the law on the apology of teaching terrorism, was enacted. Article 1 established that the teacher or professor who, taking advantage of his or her condition, influences his or her students by advocating terrorism would be considered as the author of the crime …
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Murder of La Cantuta students
On July 18, 1992, university students from La Cantuta were assassinated, accused as terrorists by intelligence agents and the troops installed in the university. This event took place in the context of the militarized intervention of the university since 1991, when military bases were installed in La Cantuta, Huaycán and …
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Murder of Donato Bernal
In July 1992, the lifeless body of mining leader Donato Bernal was found near the Peruvian Club of La Oroya. The murder occurred in a context of intense repression against mining union leaders in the central region of Peru. The alleged perpetrators of the murder are allegedly members of the …
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Promulgation of decree law 25474 on apology of terrorism.
On May 6, 1992, the government enacted Decree Law 25474, which in its Article 7 typified the crime of terrorism apology. The law established that anyone who publicly, through any means, advocated terrorism or the person who committed it, would be punished with imprisonment of not less than six nor …
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Promulgation of Repentance Law
The 'Repentance Law' was enacted in May 1992, immediately after the self-coup, although it was regulated a year later. Through pressure, many detained students named names, many of them perhaps innocent. This law had a great impact on the mass arrests and wreaked havoc in the MRTA ranks.
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Fujimori's self-coup
On April 5, 1992, President Alberto Fujimori executed a self-coup d'état in Peru. This event marked a turning point in the counter-subversive strategy of the internal armed conflict. After the self-coup, repression intensified in a selective manner, with continuous reports of arbitrary detentions, torture and disappearances by counter-subversive forces. The …
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Alberto Fujimori's coup d'état
On April 5, 1992, Alberto Fujimori executed a coup d'état. On April 6, union leaders of SUTEP and CGTP rejected and condemned the coup. The union premises remained surrounded by military and police. Days later, a leader denounced the disappearance of Olmedo Auris, who was forcibly removed from the union …
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March for peace in Cono Norte
On December 1, 1991, several neighborhood organizations from the districts of the Northern Cone carried out a March for Peace, in rejection of violence. This mobilization took place at a time when the Fujimori government was establishing harsh repressive measures against the population with raids and selective police operations. The …
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Installation of Army military base in Raucana
On September 6, 1991, the Army installed a military base in the Raucana Human Settlement, which remained in place until the year 2000. This military installation put an end to the organization of daily life that the PCP-SL had established in the settlement since its founding on July 28, 1990. …
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Balance of the teachers' strike of 1991
On August 22, 1991, the long teachers' strike was suspended. According to the newspaper La República, 2,000 teachers were arrested, twenty disappeared and 15 were murdered. The SUTEP Human Rights Secretariat attributed the deaths, which occurred in towns in a state of emergency, to the PCP-SL (5), paramilitary forces (4), …
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March of SUTEP leaders to Government Palace
On May 30, 1991, the leaders of SUTEP (Sindicato Único de Trabajadores en la Educación del Perú), accompanied by three parliamentarians and other union members, marched across Lima's Plaza de Armas towards the Government Palace. The objective of the march was to request an audience with the wife of President …
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Murder of Pablo Mamani Marchena and Germán Macedo
Pablo Mamani Marchena and Germán Macedo, teachers members of SUTEP (Sindicato Único de Trabajadores en la Educación del Perú), were assassinated on May 24, 1991 in the province of Pucará, Puno. These murders occurred in the context of the teachers' strike that began on May 8, 1991, whose repression resulted …
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Detention of seven teachers by the Peruvian Army in Ayacucho
On May 17, 1991, seven teachers were arrested by the Peruvian Army in the province of Ayacucho. This arrest occurred in the context of the teachers' strike that began on May 8, 1991, whose repression resulted in the temporary arrest of 2,000 teachers, twenty disappearances and 14 murders. The teachers …
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Assassination of Porfirio Suni
Porfirio Suni was a teacher member of the Single Union of Education Workers of Peru (SUTEP) murdered in the province of Pucará, Puno, on May 13, 1991. His death occurred in the context of the repression of the teachers' strike that began on May 8, 1991. This strike resulted in …
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SUTEP teachers strike
On May 8, 1991, a strike of 260,000 state teachers affiliated to SUTEP began under the leadership of Secretary General Jose Ramos Bosmediano. The strike was a protest against the low salaries of teachers and the union was demanding a general salary increase from the government. During the strike, the …
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Start of SUTEP teachers' strike
The World Confederation of Organizations of Professional Teachers (CMOPE) alleges a series of murders, arrests and acts of violence against teachers who were members of the Single Union of Education Workers of Peru (SUTEP) since the beginning of the strike on May 8, 1991. The repression of this strike resulted …
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New arrest strategy 'la leva
Beginning in 1991, the military implemented a new detention strategy called 'la leva' in the central region of Peru. This strategy consisted of arresting all "undocumented" persons in the squares and streets, who were then transferred to the military base. Once at the military base, those who were identified were …
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Installation of military bases in Huaycán and Raucana
In 1991, military bases were installed in Huaycán and Raucana as part of the Peruvian State's counterinsurgency strategy. In Raucana, the Army installed a military base on September 6, 1991, which was maintained until the year 2000, militarizing and socially controlling daily life among the population. This organization of daily …
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Disappearances of MRTA students in urban area
During 1991, 1992 and 1993, the MRTA suffered heavy repression in the urban areas of the department of Junín, particularly in Huancayo. Many student members of the MRTA disappeared in simultaneous disappearances. The situation worsened with the enactment of the Repentance Law, at which time many good cadres from the …
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Military repression in Cochas district
In 1990, the military conducted an incursion in the Cochas district. According to the witness, the soldiers 'were disguised with colorful masks, and dressed like those chutos', evidencing the use of disguises to hide their identity during repressive operations.
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Intervention at Universidad Nacional del Centro
The Peruvian Army (EP) and the Peruvian National Police (PNP) twice raided the Universidad Nacional del Centro in the department of Junín. The interventions were carried out in search of possible subversives. The military and police action was motivated by the distribution of flyers announcing an armed strike scheduled for …
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Army and police intervention at Universidad Nacional del Centro campus
The Army and the police intervened twice on the campus of the Universidad Nacional del Centro in May 1989 in search of subversive elements. This intervention took place in a context of increasing violence at the university, where the Shining Path PCP had murdered three university students on the same …
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Killing of peasants in Pucallpa during march
Eight peasants and one student were killed while marching to celebrate the end of a strike over refuge prices for corn and rice. The police shot at the demonstrators believing that Sendero Luminoso was involved, but it was not true. The wounded took refuge in the Vicariate as they feared …
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Installation of military base in Morococha
In the last months of 1989, after a series of dynamite attacks by the PCP-SL against Centromín Perú's facilities in Morococha, a military base was installed in the mining camp. The installation of this base occurred shortly after the formation of a defensive brigade by the workers, whose purpose was …
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Strike of the Defense Front of Huanuco
Indefinite strike called and led by the Huanuco Defense Front during June 1988. The strike was motivated by disagreements over the regionalization project that the government was implementing at that time. The protest was violently repressed by the forces of law and order. A UNMSM university student was killed by …
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Presidency denies massacre of peasants in Cayara
On May 21, the Presidency of the Council of Ministers pointed out the "falsity of an alleged massacre of peasants" in Cayara. The authorities stated that they had found "no evidence of bombings, fires or fighting in the locality". The presidency affirmed that most of the testimonies presented to the …
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MRTA raid in Juanjui
In November 1987, the MRTA raided Juanjui as part of the 'Tupac Amaru Vive' Military Campaign. This action forced the government to decree a state of emergency and a curfew in San Martin. The incursion unleashed a strong state repression that included the persecution of union and popular leaders, especially …
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Day of mobilization and land seizures on May 19
The IV Board of Directors of the FDCP called for a day of mass mobilization to take land and establish communal enterprises. Thousands of community members from all over the department marched towards the land they claimed as their own. The mobilization was concentrated mainly in Melgar, Azángaro and Carabaya. …
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University raids
On February 13, 1987, three universities in Lima were raided by combined police forces in search of terrorists. This operation was part of law enforcement actions in the context of the internal armed conflict and growing subversive activity in the capital. The raid was carried out in a period of …
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Arrest of Teófilo Rímac Capcha
The mining leader Teófilo Rímac Capcha was arrested by the military at the Carmen Chico Base in Cerro de Pasco. This arrest occurred in a context of intensified military operations in the mining centers of the region, where the armed forces carried out violent raids on workers' homes in order …
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Murder of 6 young evangelicals in Callqui
On August 1, 1984, six young men belonging to the Evangelical Presbyterian Church were murdered by members of the Marine Infantry in the place called "pago" of Callqui, in the province of Huanta. This event occurred in the context of the indiscriminate repression exercised by the armed forces in the …
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Invasion of Huaycán
On July 15, 1984, the first invasion of Huaycán was organized as part of the 'Special Program for Urban Development of the Huaycán area', implemented during the municipal administration of Alfonso Barrantes. This invasion was part of the urban expansion process of Metropolitan Lima towards the peripheral cones. The event …
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Disappearance of residents of Macachacra
In July 1984, members of the Navy carried out the forced disappearance of eight residents of Macachacra, Iguain district, Huanta province. Among the victims were Ramón Vicaña, Sebastián de la Cruz and six other villagers. This event took place in the context of the indiscriminate repression exercised by the Marine …
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Motion of censure against Minister of the Interior Luis Pércovich Roca
A motion of censure was presented in the Chamber of Deputies against the Minister of the Interior, Luis Pércovich Roca, due to the violent repression of the national strike that had taken place previously. This motion was presented in the context of growing criticism of the government's handling of the …
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Murder of 32 villagers of Huarapite
In April 1984, members of the Peruvian Army murdered 32 inhabitants of Huarapite, a town in the district of Chiara in the province of Huamanga. This event occurred in the context of the indiscriminate repression carried out by the Armed Forces in the area during 1984, a year that registered …
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National strike organized by Asamblea Nacional Popular
On March 22, 1984, a national strike called by the National Popular Assembly was held, which was described as successful. This mobilization took place in a context of growing social and political conflict in the country, with multiple protests from different sectors. The strike generated violent repression by the forces …
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Repression in San José de Secce after hiker ambush
In 1984, following a Shining Path ambush against a patrol of Marines on the road between San José de Secce and Juncos, indiscriminate repression was unleashed against the population. When a wounded terrorist shot and killed several Marines with an instalaza, excesses took place in the town and nearby villages. …
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Raid of CAAAP in Iquitos by the Civil Guard
Members of the Civil Guard brutally raided the premises of the Amazonian Center for Anthropology and Practical Application (CAAAP) in Iquitos, following orders from above. The raid took place late at night on July 28, ripping off the doors with the aim of finding subversive material. The bishops of Iquitos …
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Death of Heraclio Palomino Ayala
Heraclio Palomino Ayala, leader of the Sindicato Único de Trabajadores en la Educación del Perú (SUTEP), was a victim of violence on March 23, 1983 in Paras, Ayacucho. According to the record of complaints to the ILO included in the CVR report, the Civil Guard was responsible for his death. …
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National strike - Death of workers
During the national strike of March 10, 1983, four workers were murdered in Lima (Comas) by the Republican Guard. The victims were Sixto Pérez Sánchez, José Antonio Monayco, Liborio Alfonso Aguilar and Hermenegildo Julián Huatuco. This event was documented in complaints filed with the International Labor Organization (ILO) as part …
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Entry of the Armed Forces into emergency areas
In 1983, the Armed Forces entered the zones that had been declared in a state of emergency, establishing political-military commands as the only real power. After two years of repression, assassinations, extrajudicial executions and torture on both sides, the number of victims between 1982 and 1984 increased notably, most of …
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First stage of massive and indiscriminate state repression
During 1983 and 1984 there was a significant concentration of cases of arbitrary executions, forced disappearances and torture by State agents. This stage was characterized by the application of a strategy of massive and indiscriminate repression, especially in the rural areas of the department of Ayacucho. The members of the …
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Incursión Subversiva y Represalias en Chapi
In 1982, subversives arrived in the community of Chapi, where they set fire to a cañazo factory and organized the villagers to support them. The Sinchis, upon learning of the incursion, interrogated the inhabitants and, after finding a shotgun, accused several of subversion and took them to Chinchihuasi to be …
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Strike at Juan Guerra and Tabalosos
In 1982 there was a strike in the towns of Juan Guerra and Tabalosos that revealed a leadership vacuum in the region's social movement. The strike had a violent and tragic outcome. This event motivated the formation of the Comando Unitario de Lucha (CUL) in Tarapoto, presided over by professor …
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Death of teachers' leader Abel Callirgos Granero
On March 1, Abel Callirgos Granero, secretary general of SUTEP of Callao, died in strange circumstances when two officers were about to arrest him. The circumstances of his death were considered suspicious and occurred during the context of the mining strike and the state of emergency.
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Longest teachers' strike in Peruvian history - 118 days
In 1979, the longest teachers' strike in Peruvian history took place: 118 days. It was motivated by the non-fulfillment of government promises from the previous strike. The government's repressive response implied the recess of several educational centers and the refusal to engage in dialogue with the SUTEP leadership, which was …
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May national strike called by trade unions
The economic measures recently taken by the government lead to a national strike on May 23 and 24. The main governmental measures in response to the unrest were the suspension of constitutional guarantees and the declaration of a state of emergency throughout the country. Several political and union leaders (Ricardo …
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80-day teachers' strike
In 1978 there was a teachers' strike that lasted eighty days. The union demanded a general salary increase of 100% (frozen since 1965), reinstatement of teachers subrogated and transferred in retaliation for their participation in union activities, and legal recognition of SUTEP. The reaction of the State was manifested in …
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Derrocamiento de Velasco y sus Consecuencias en Villa El Salvador
The overthrow of Velasco in 1975 led to a shift in the military government to the right, resulting in a repressive attitude and austerity measures that provoked massive demonstrations. Villa El Salvador (VES) suffered the withdrawal of state support, which severely affected its community projects and led to the organization …
Documents 3
Family, Culture and "Revolution": Daily Life in Shining Path
Revised version of the chapter published in Steve J. Stern (editor), Los senderos insólitos del Perú: guerra y sociedad, 1980-1995. Lima, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos-Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de …
The Intelligence Services: The History That Refuses to Die
The SIN was not always Montesinos. He transformed it in his own image and likeness after a trajectory in which institution and person were initially at opposite poles, each watching …
Return of Colina - Opinion Column
The dynamite attack against the local affiliate of channel 13 in Puno has been presented as a local dispute among regional power groups. But it seems more likely to be …