In 1965, the Asháninka people found themselves caught in the violence between the guerrilla group Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionario (MIR) and the Peruvian military. The MIR, led by José De la Puente Uceda, moved their operations to the Asháninka territory in the province of Satipo, Junín, as military repression intensified. …
The Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) was one of several political parties that, inspired by the Cuban revolution, opted for the 'foquista' armed struggle. At the beginning of 1966, the Army arrested the last guerrillas with the collaboration of some Asháninka. Most of the fighters and the Asháninka who accompanied them …
At the beginning of 1966, the Peruvian Army arrested the last guerrillas of the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) with the collaboration of some Asháninka from the area. The MIR was one of several political parties that, inspired by the Cuban revolution, opted for the 'foquista' armed struggle in the middle …
In 1974, the government of Velasco Alvarado enacted the Law of Native Communities and Agricultural Promotion of the Jungle and Jungle Edge Regimes. This law marked the first civil registration of indigenous peoples in the Peruvian Amazon, albeit with Spanish names instead of their native ones. It initiated a process …
Between the second half of the 1980s and the early 1990s, the Asháninka people suffered a tragedy of enormous proportions. Some 6,000 Asháninka died, 10,000 were displaced and some 5,000 were taken captive by the Shining Path. Approximately 30 to 40 communities were disappeared and at least 60 mass graves …
Between 1985 and 1988, the Shining Path commanders of the PCP-SL carried out selective assassinations of alleged delinquents or 'informers' in the colonist villages of the Central Jungle. The Asháninka population felt fear when they heard about these executions, but at the same time recognized a positive aspect in these …
Around 1988, the PCP-SL began a more aggressive campaign of actions in the Central Jungle, increasing its presence through more regular visits to native communities, especially Asháninka. That same year, the province of Satipo was declared in a State of Emergency due to the intensification of subversive activities. The PCP-SL …
Since 1988, the PCP-SL made incursions into the Asháninka community of Cutivireni, where it indoctrinated the population and recruited young people. The incursions, looting, kidnappings of young people and assassinations of opponents multiplied progressively. The community of Cutivireni showed greater resistance to the advance of the PCP-SL along with the …
In October 1988, the entire department of Junín and the province of Oxapampa in Pasco, Peru, were declared in a state of emergency due to the activities of the Shining Path (PCP-SL). The group had established numerous People's Committees in the Ene Valley, expanding their influence to various districts and …
By 1989, the presence of the PCP-SL in the Central Jungle was widespread and open, especially in the province of Satipo. The subversive group intensified its actions, reaching absolute control of the entire Ene River and Alto Tambo by 1990. During this year, PCP-SL increased its actions in the area, …
By 1989, the PCP-SL (Shining Path) had formed two popular committees in Otica, as part of its strategy of territorial control in the Ene and Tambo River area. These popular committees were part of the so-called 'New State' that Shining Path was trying to establish in the region. The formation …
At the end of 1989, an MRTA column assassinated three Asháninka leaders in the province of Oxapampa. Among the victims was Alejandro Calderón, pinkátzari (great chief) and president of ANAP (Apatyawaka Nampitsi Asháninka), the federation that groups 52 native communities of the Pichis River and tributaries. The Asháninka reacted quickly …
In late 1989, the MRTA assassinated three Asháninka leaders, including Alejandro Calderón, the president of the ANAP. This event led to a mobilization among the Asháninka to form their own defense forces against the MRTA. The conflict between the MRTA and the Asháninka has roots in the 1960s guerrilla activities …
In 1989, the PCP-SL (Shining Path) gained control over much of the Province of Satipo, excluding major cities and certain areas. This occupation had a significant impact on the indigenous Asháninka people, who faced cultural erasure and displacement from their ancestral lands. The Asháninka communities were forced to relocate to …
In 1989, the Communist Party of Peru - Shining Path (PCP-SL) established control over approximately 44 Asháninka communities in the Alto Tambo and Río Ene regions. The PCP-SL relocated the population to remote areas to avoid detection by the Peruvian Army and organized them into 'Comités de Base' or 'Comités …
On February 13, 1989, the PCP-SL assassinated Isaías Charete, who was president of OCARE (Organización Central Asháninka del Río Ene), in the native community of Tzomaveni, located on the Ene River. This selective assassination was part of the PCP-SL's strategy to eliminate indigenous leaders who opposed or represented obstacles to …
On November 14, 1989, the PCP-SL (Shining Path) assassinated six people in Bajo Tambo as part of their repeated attacks against communities in the area. This attack took place in the context of the resistance shown by the communities of Bajo Tambo, together with Cutivireni, to the advance of the …
In December 1989, the Asháninka people organized their own army, known as the ovayeriite, in response to the assassination of their leader Alejandro Calderón. Within three months, they successfully expelled the MRTA from the region. The Asháninka army's actions were not only directed against the MRTA but also against colonists, …
Alejandro Calderón, an Asháninka leader, was assassinated in December 1989. His death occurred during a period of heightened political violence in Peru, marked by the activities of groups like the MRTA and PCP-SL. This event contributed to the growing sense of insecurity and vulnerability among the population.
In December 1989, the Peruvian Army took the El Chaparral camp, which was the most important MRTA base in the Oxapampa area. This military action dispersed MRTA members throughout the region. The capture of the camp occurred in a context where the Asháninka of the Pichis had formed an 'Asháninka …
An emerretista detachment executed Alejandro Calderón, president of the ANAP (Apatywaka-Nampitsi-Ashaninka del Pichis) under the accusation that it was he who had handed over Máximo Velando, leader of the MIR, to the forces of law and order in 1965. For a sector of the MRTA leadership it was an act …
Since 1990, indigenous organizations in the region such as CECONSEC (Central de Comunidades Nativas de la Selva Central) and FECONACA (Federación de Comunidades Nativas Campa) promoted the organization of Rondas or Asháninka Self-Defense Committees. This initiative arose in a context of generalized violence in the Central Jungle, where both the …
By the end of 1990, the Shining Path (PCP-SL) had established control over the Ene and upper Tambo regions in Peru. The Asháninka communities, fearing military attacks from the Peruvian Army and Navy, were forced to flee into the jungle. The Shining Path exploited this situation to regroup the communities …
In early January 1990, the Asháninka people, led by Alcides Calderón, mobilized an army in response to the assassination of Alejandro Calderón by MRTA militants. The Asháninka took control of Puerto Bermúdez, targeting those suspected of collaborating with the MRTA. The uprising led to violence against colonists, including killings and …
In 1990, the Asháninka communities faced significant displacement due to the actions of the PCP-SL (Shining Path). The insurgent group attacked and forced the relocation of approximately 10,000 Asháninkas, leading to the disappearance of 14 communities in the Alto Tambo region and 30 along the Río Ene. The displaced were …
In early January 1990, a group of Asháninka people, estimated to be between 2000 and 2500, took control of Puerto Bermúdez, Peru. They were armed with bows, arrows, and some hunting rifles, and established strict control over the population, suspecting them of collaborating with the MRTA subversives. This led to …
Between 1990 and early 1992, the Peruvian Army carried out several military operations in the Tambo and Ene basins, attacking several communities controlled by the PCP-SL. In Quempiri, on May 13, 1990, the community fled to their farms when they heard three army helicopters. On May 14, 1991, the Sinchis …
By the end of 1990, the PCP-SL managed to establish absolute control over the entire Ene River and the upper Tambo River, up to the Poyeni bend. This control was the result of an intensification of actions that began in 1989, when the PCP-SL increased its presence in the area …
On January 5, 1990, the Asháninka people, led by Alcides Calderón, organized an armed group known as the 'Ejército Asháninka' to retaliate against the MRTA for the kidnapping and presumed murder of Alejandro Calderón. The group marched on Puerto Bermúdez, capturing the city and executing suspected MRTA members and collaborators. …
On January 30, 1990, approximately 500 Asháninkas launched an incursion into the town of Ciudad Constitución, which had been significantly depopulated due to threats of invasion by native communities. The attackers gathered the townspeople in the street, conducted a widespread looting, and subjected the population to servitude, forcing them to …
In March 1990, the Asháninka people successfully expelled the MRTA from their territory. However, the expulsion did not end the violence in the region. By late 1991, the PCP-SL began incursions, leading to further violence and economic disruption, prompting local communities and organizations to form self-defense groups.
On June 4, 1990, there was a confrontation between Ashaninka ronderos organized in the CECONSEC (Central de Comunidades Nativas de la Selva Central) and others organized in the FECONACA (Federación de Comunidades Nativas Campa), resulting in the death of seven Ashaninka. This fact illustrates that in 1990 there were confrontations …
On July 22, 1990, the Central de Comunidades Nativas de la Selva Central (CECONSEC) issued a public communiqué entitled "La autodefensa y autonomía asháninka exigen respeto" (Asháninka self-defense and autonomy demand respect). This communiqué appeared in a context of intensifying political violence in the Amazon region, where both the PCP-SL …
On July 22, 1990, in the native community of Anapati along the Tambo River, the Shining Path (PCP-SL) assassinated three prominent indigenous leaders of the Central Jungle: Pablo Santoma Santos, Oscar Chimanga Chanquete, and Dante Martínez López. This event occurred following the annual assembly of the Asháninka federation of the …
On September 23, 1990, the Asháninka Self-Defense and Development Central Committee No. 1 was formally created in response to the advance of the PCP-SL in the region. This committee arose after the assassination of Asháninka leader Pablo Santoma and other leaders during the VI CART Congress, where a contingent of …
On 27 September 1990, in the Misión de la Florida-Chanchamayo in Junín, Peru, a group of young individuals, incited by hardened members of the Shining Path, conducted a 'people's trial' that resulted in the summary execution of eight people. Among the victims was Sister María Agustina Rivas, a 70-year-old nun …
The year 1991 marked a decisive turning point in the PCP-Sendero Luminoso offensive in the Central Jungle region. Beginning that year, the Armed Forces, together with the Asháninka population organized in Rondas or Self-Defense Committees, began an important counter-offensive that hit the PCP-SL hard, especially in the Ene River area. …
In 1991, the Asháninka people, alongside the Peruvian Armed Forces, launched a significant counteroffensive against the Shining Path (PCP-SL) in the region of the Ene River. This effort was marked by the formation of Rondas or Committees of Self-Defense, which played a crucial role in resisting the insurgent group. The …
At the end of 1991, a PCP-SL column appeared in the province of Oxapampa and began to carry out incursions into peasant communities and annexes. This column carried out "ajusticiamiento" actions and cruelly murdered numerous peasants in the area. The appearance of this Shining Path column occurred after the "Asháninka …
In 1991 there was a turning point in the Shining Path offensive in the Central Jungle region. The Armed Forces, together with the Asháninka population organized in Rondas or Self-Defense Committees, began an important counter-offensive that hit the PCP-SL hard, especially in the Ene River area. Between 1991 and 1993, …
In 1991, the Puerto Ocopa native community created a native patrol on its own initiative as part of the counter-offensive against the PCP-Sendero Luminoso in the central jungle. This patrol was formed in the context of the intensification of the counter-subversive struggle that was taking place in the Tambo and …
In September 1991, a group of 169 Asháninkas from the community of Cutivireni were forcibly displaced due to repeated attacks by the Shining Path (PCP-SL). With the assistance of Father Mariano Gagnon, they were airlifted to the Urubamba Valley, where they found refuge with the Matsiguenga community of Kiriketi. This …
During 1991 and 1992 there were strong and continuous confrontations between the PCP-SL and the rondas or Asháninka self-defense committees in the Central Jungle. The year 1991 was the turning point in the Shining Path offensive in the region, when the Armed Forces together with the organized Asháninka population initiated …
The Asháninka people, an indigenous group in the Selva Central region of the Peruvian Amazon, suffered severe human rights abuses during the internal conflict involving the PCP-SL. These abuses included forced displacement, murder, enslavement, and other inhumane conditions. The actions against the Asháninka violated fundamental human rights and international humanitarian …
The native community of Tahuantinsuyo, located in the district of Mazamari in the Central Jungle, was the victim of a massacre in 1993 during the internal armed conflict. This community was selected as a case study by the CVR Report along with Cushiviani to document the effects of violence on …
On 18 August 1993, an incursion by the Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) resulted in the massacre of 62 Asháninka people, including men, women, and children, along the banks of the Río Sonomoro. This event was part of a broader pattern of violence in which both insurgent and counterinsurgent forces committed …
On August 18, 1993, around 4:00 p.m., a group of hikers arrived in the Nomatsiguenga Tahuantinsuyo community as part of a coordinated incursion of three hiker columns into eight communities in the Tsiriari valley. The murders were committed with bladed weapons: arrows, machetes and others were hanged with pitas. Twenty-one …
On August 18, 1993, three Shining Path columns, each composed of approximately 70 settlers and natives, entered eight communities in the Tsiriari valley (six colonists and two Asháninka). The massacre began around 4:00 p.m. in the Nomatsiguenga Tahuantinsuyo community, where twenty-one people were killed, including children, men and women. The …
Members of the PCP-SL murdered 65 inhabitants of the Tsiriari valley in Mazamari, Junín, in retaliation for the formation of Self-Defense Committees. Although it was known as an Asháninka massacre, of the total number of victims, 21 were Nomatsiguenga natives and the rest were settlers. This is one of the …
On August 18, 1993, a group of 150 to 300 individuals, including Asháninka natives, entered eight communities in the Tsiriari Valley, killing 72 residents, including 16 minors, and injuring 10 others. Initially attributed to the Sendero Luminoso, these crimes were later linked to an officer from the Contrasubversive Base No. …
On August 19, 1993, a group of terrorists from Sendero Luminoso, accompanied by Asháninka natives, attacked the area around Mazamari. They assaulted homes and villages, killing fifty-five people, including children, women, and men, and injuring eleven others. The attackers used weapons such as machetes, axes, and spears, and looted the …
Numerous mass graves with the remains of hundreds of Ashaninka natives murdered by the PCP-SL were found in the Ene Valley, province of Satipo, Junin, by a commission formed by the provincial prosecutor Florencia Grandes, EP commander Antonio Venegas (political-military chief of the Central Jungle Security Subzone), among other members.
On September 20, 1993, the Peruvian government denounced to the UN the massacre committed by the PCP-SL in the Tsiriari valley. This denunciation was made two days after the news of the massacre, which occurred on August 18, 1993, was disseminated by several media outlets. The Congress of the Republic …
On August 11, 1993, 54 Asháninka natives were brutally murdered with machetes in the region of Junín, Satipo. This event is part of a series of violent acts against indigenous communities during the internal conflict in Peru. The Asháninka people have been targeted due to their resistance against subversive groups.
On August 11, 1993, 54 Asháninka natives were brutally murdered with machetes by suspected members of the Shining Path (PCP-SL) in Satipo, Junín. This tragic event highlights the severe impact of the internal conflict in Peru on indigenous communities, who were often caught in the crossfire between government forces and …
The Great Asháninka March marked the official beginning of the return process for families displaced by violence in the Selva Central region of Peru. Initiated by the government and the Armed Forces, the campaign aimed to resettle over 500 individuals back to their original communities. However, the full return of …
On September 17, 1994, the process of returning the Asháninka communities to their places of origin in the district of Río Tambo officially began as part of a campaign promoted by the government to generate a psychosocial impact on the Peruvian population. The media called this event 'the great Asháninka …
In 1995, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Francis Deng, visited the Selva Central region of Peru to highlight the situation of the Asháninka communities. The Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos published a report on the disappearance of these communities, which were significantly affected by the internal armed conflict. …
In 1995, the United Nations Commissioner for Refugees, Francis Deng, visited the Asháninka area in the central jungle of Peru. The purpose of his visit was to raise international awareness of the grave humanitarian situation faced by the Asháninka people as a result of the internal armed conflict. This visit …
In 1995, the United Nations Commissioner for Refugees, Francis Deng, visited the Asháninka area to report on their situation. That same year, the National Human Rights Coordinator published a report on the disappearance of Asháninka communities. During the internal armed conflict, out of 55,000 Asháninka, nearly 10,000 were forcibly displaced …
The return of the displaced Asháninka communities was not uniform, with each community following a different pattern. The lack of a government plan to facilitate this process led to various strategies, with gradual and community-led returns proving most successful. The return process was fraught with challenges, including the destruction of …
In 1995, the PCP-SL (Shining Path) retreated towards the Ene region in Peru, leading to a temporary sense of tranquility in the area. However, the threat of PCP-SL persisted, prompting local communities to continue vigilance. The region, historically inhabited by the Asháninka and Nomatsiguenga peoples, faced significant challenges due to …
In the early 2000s, the Asháninka people in the Ene Valley faced pressure from the PCP-SL (Shining Path) who sought to militarize their communities. Despite the threats, some Asháninkas resisted the PCP-SL's influence, recalling reports of violence in Ayacucho and distrusting the promises made by the group. Many Asháninkas chose …
During the internal conflict in Peru, the Asháninka people faced severe persecution from the militant group Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path). The group viewed the Asháninka as obstacles to their revolutionary goals, leading to acts of violence and attempts to erase their cultural identity. The Asháninka were subjected to forced displacement, …
The PCP-SL (Shining Path) used fear and intimidation to control Asháninka communities in Peru. They threatened the Asháninka with punishment, torture, and death for non-compliance or dissent. The group spread distrust within communities and families, and manipulated the Asháninka into fearing the military, further isolating them.
The Asháninka communities in Peru have experienced significant disruption due to violence, leading to a loss of familial ties and low levels of organization. This has hindered development projects and created distrust and fear among community members. Efforts towards reconciliation are challenged by differing memories and explanations of the violence, …
In September 2002, communities in regions such as Pucallpa, Ucayali, and Satipo, Junín, expressed fear over the potential resurgence of the PCP-SL (Shining Path) insurgent group. The Asháninka people, who had previously suffered from massacres and mass abductions, felt unprotected and feared a return to violence. These fears were exacerbated …
In order to interview residents and authorities of the Asháninka communities and discuss with them the results of the reports, four visits were made to the area on three separate dates. The first visit was carried out from September 16 to 29, 2002. The study focused on the areas that …
The TRC organized workshops with Asháninka communities in Satipo to discuss reconciliation. The communities expressed hope for reparations but also distrust towards the State. The participants stated that the State, through its institutions, has not participated in anything, has not repaired the damage, has not done justice and has not …
In October 2002, various workshops were held in Peru focusing on reconciliation and justice. Indigenous communities, such as the Asháninka, advocated for the recognition and coordination of their traditional justice systems with the national legal framework. Additionally, discussions emphasized the need for police reform to enhance community service and accountability.
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission made its second visit to the Asháninka area of the Central Jungle between October 10 and 29, 2002. This was part of a total of four visits made on three separate dates to interview villagers and authorities of the Asháninka communities. The objective was to …
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission made its third visit to the Asháninka area of the Central Jungle between November 19 and December 9, 2002. This visit was part of a series of four visits made on three separate dates to interview villagers and authorities of the Asháninka communities. The objective …
Between January 15 and 25, 2003, interviews were conducted with representatives of the Regional Association of Indigenous Peoples of the Central Jungle (ARPI) and the Asháninka Emergency Commission (CEA) in the city of Satipo. These interviews were part of the TRC's fieldwork to document the effects of the internal armed …
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