The Nuremberg Military Tribunal, established after World War II, recognized crimes against humanity, including murder, extermination, and other inhumane acts against civilian populations. The tribunal's statutes and subsequent international legal frameworks, such as the Geneva Conventions, codified these acts as war crimes and crimes against humanity. This recognition laid the …
The international community has condemned hostage-taking as a violation of human dignity and a threat to innocent lives. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 explicitly prohibit hostage-taking in non-international armed conflicts, as outlined in the common Article 3. This prohibition is further reinforced by the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions, …
The Geneva Conventions of 1949 are key international treaties that provide protection to victims of armed conflicts. They emphasize the protection of vulnerable groups, such as pregnant women, nursing mothers, and women in general, particularly against sexual violence during conflicts. The conventions explicitly prohibit sexual abuse and classify rape as …
The Peruvian State approved the four Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949 through Legislative Resolution No. 12412 dated October 31, 1955. These conventions entered into force for Peru on August 15, 1956. The four Geneva Conventions refer to: wounded and sick members of the Armed Forces in the field (I), …
The two Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, adopted on June 8, 1977, entered into force for Peru on January 14, 1990. Peru had deposited the instruments of ratification of both protocols on July 14, 1989. These protocols are part of International Humanitarian Law and establish …
On 14 January 1990, Peru ratified the Additional Protocols I and II to the Geneva Conventions, which were initially adopted on 8 June 1977. These protocols extend protections to victims of international and non-international armed conflicts, reinforcing the principles of distinction and proportionality in warfare.
In 1993, following the capture of Abimael Guzmán, the leader of the Shining Path (PCP-SL), the organization sought to initiate peace talks with the Peruvian state. This marked a significant shift in strategy, as the PCP-SL began to reference the Geneva Conventions, not as a principled stance, but as a …
The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 1998 with the adoption of the Rome Statute. It defines war crimes, including grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, such as attacks against those not participating in hostilities. The ICC aims to prosecute individuals for crimes like slavery and violations of personal …
The Peruvian Constitutional Court, in its ruling on January 3, 2003, addressed the essence of terrorist acts, emphasizing the intention to terrorize the population. The court highlighted that acts of torture intended to intimidate civilians should be classified as terrorism under International Humanitarian Law. This ruling underscores the absolute prohibition …