In 1981, the concept of political warfare was discussed in Taiwan, emphasizing the strategic advantages gained not through direct military confrontation but through psychological and ideological influence. This approach, described as 'ideological total war,' aims to achieve political and military victories by altering the enemy's mindset and societal conditions, thus …
In 1984, the first course on Psychological Operations based on the 'Political Warfare' doctrine was offered at the Escuela Superior de Guerra in Peru. This doctrine, developed in Taiwan, was studied by Peruvian police and military officers who traveled to Taiwan in the early 1980s. The doctrine played a significant …
The Directiva de Pacificación 003-91-MD/SDN was a political and psychosocial program implemented in Peru under President Alberto Fujimori. It aimed to combat subversive elements through a counter-subversive war strategy, similar to Taiwan's 'political warfare' approach. The directive was criticized for its militarization, which risked violating human rights and undermining democracy …